Progress Flashcards
Haifa–Dera‘a 0Railway
1905 - Branch of Hejaz - transformed ilgramage from a month to 2 days. followed the Muslim pilgrim trail from Damascus to Medina, the Haifa–Dera‘a railway was the first of its kind in northern Palestine, or the sanjaq of Acre in late Ottoman terms. It transformed Haifa almost overnight from a relatively small coastal outpost into a major player among the port cities of the Eastern Mediterranean.
politics of ottoman 1908
Ostensibly 1905 was a year in which the Ottoman imperial government experienced multiple threats to its authority, both internally and externally. In July the Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) only narrowly failed in its attempt to assassinate Sultan Abdülhamid II outside the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque in Istanbul—an action that replicated earlier plots hatched by members of the Young Turk movement that year.7 Outside the empire, 1905 saw the outbreak of revolutions in the Ottomans’ two historic imperial neighbours and rivals, Russia and Persia. In their differing styles, both these revolutions threatened the old imperial order in Istanbul, and by 1908 the Ottoman Sultan had been forced to accept a new era of constitutional politics that, in many ways, mirrored the emerging political order in Persia.8
League of Nations mandate
A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League. These were of the nature of both a treaty and a constitution, which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the International Court.[1] The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, entered into on 28 June 1919. With the dissolution of the League of Nations after World War II, it was stipulated at the Yalta Conference that the remaining Mandates should be placed under the trusteeship of the United Nations, subject to future discussions and formal agreements. Most of the remaining mandates of the League of Nations (with the exception of South-West Africa) thus eventually became United Nations Trust Territories.
which was ottoman class mandate
. As class A mandates, the former Ottoman territories of the Eastern Mediterranean were placed at a relatively advanced stage on the continuum, but they still required the supervision of Britain and France ‘until such time as they are able to stand alone’.15
Class A Mandate
The three class A mandates of Palestine and Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon and Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamia mandate was not enacted and was replaced by a treaty with the Kingdom of Iraq.
The first group, or Class A mandates, were territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to “… have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory.”
The Class A mandates were:
Palestine (United Kingdom), from 29 September 1923 – 15 May 1948.[13][14][15] In April 1921, Transjordan provisionally became an autonomous area for 6 months but then continued to be part of the Mandate until independence.[16][17] It eventually became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (later Jordan) on 25 May 1946. A plan for peacefully dividing the remainder of the Mandate failed. The Mandate terminated at midnight between 14 and 15 May 1948. On the evening of 14 May, the Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine had declared the establishment of the State of Israel.[18] Following the war, 75% of the area west of the Jordan River was controlled by the new State of Israel.[19] Other parts, until 1967, formed the West Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip.
Syria (France), 29 September 1923 – 1 January 1944. This mandate included Lebanon; Hatay (a former Ottoman Alexandretta sandjak) broke away from it and became a French protectorate until it was ceded to the new Republic of Turkey. Following the termination of the French mandate, two separate independent republics, Syria and Lebanon, were formed.
Mesopotamia (United Kingdom), not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
tanzimat
The Tanzimât (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات), literally meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.[1] The Tanzimât reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements from within and aggressive powers from outside of the state. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire.
