Israel and palestine 1948

Question 1

1948 nakba meaning

Answer 1

1948: Nakba – for Palestinians (catastrophe) and independence for Israel

Question 2

palestinian mandate in 1947

Answer 2

• Britain decides to relinquish the Palestine mandate in 1947, handing over authority to the U.N. Initial support for Zionism is being retracted and introduce democratic arab rule. Therefore Jewish rebellion so Britain hands over to the un.

Question 3

UN suggestion with Palestine

Answer 3

The resulting U.N commission recommends partitioning Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states 51 per cent to jews and 49 per cent to Palestinians.

Question 4

UN partition plan result

Answer 4

The partition plan is accepted by the Zionist leadership- first time to realizing a jewish state but rejected by Palestinian leaders totally, as well as the governments of surrounding Arab states – leads us to the war. When Britain withdraw in may 1948.

Question 5

1948 Arab Israeli war involvement of countries

Answer 5

Surrounding Arab states (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt) declare war on Israel after independence is declared in May 1948

Question 6

result of 1948 arab-israeli war

Answer 6

A “resounding Israeli victory” results in the enlargement of Israeli territory – now 78% of Mandate Palestine. Not only beat back arab army but enlarged their territory.
• Jordan has control of west bank - annexes it
Egypt controls gaza strip temporarily

Question 7

Debating 1948

Historiographically speaking…

Answer 7

• Classic Zionist narrative challenged not only by Arab nationalist historiographies, but also by the Israeli ‘new historians’ of the late 1980s and 90s. A number of ‘myths’ now discredited:
o Israel faced a powerful and united Arab front
o Britain opposed the creation of the Zionist state
o Palestinians left by choice rather than through expulsion and intimidation

However, we now know..
NOT A STRONG ARAB FRONT
ARAB STATES WERE NOT WORKING TOGETHER. WORKING FOR OWN ADVANCEMENTS. JORDAN HAPPY TO COOPERATE WITH ISRAEL AS ISRAEL DIDN’T WANT WEST BANK SO AGREED TO JORDAN HAVING IT AND THEY WOULD LEAVE EACH OTHER ALONE.

BRITAIN WERE FINE WITH THIS AS IT MEANT A PRO BRITISH JORDAN

LEFT UNDER INTIMIDATION, MASSACRES ETC PALESTINIANS

14/5 ISRAEL CELEBRATE THE INDEPENDENCE AND 15/5 RABS (20% POPULATIONOF ISRael) CELEBRATE NAKBA

Question 8

TODAY palestinian refugee situation

Answer 8

• Today UNRWA cites 1,396,368 registered refugees in camps and 3,370,302 registered refugees not in camps.
• The breakdown in terms of countries:
	o Jordan: 2 million
	o Gaza Strip: 1.1 million
	o West Bank: 800,000
	o Syria: 470,000
	o Lebanon: 425,000
Longest running refugee situation in history – effect on the other states as they are trying to set themselves up

Question 9

Jews around the Middle East following declaration of Israel as an independent state

Answer 9

Trickle of jews are starting to leave as they are now suffering some repression. Jews are no longer able to define themselves or be defined as part of an arab nation. They are becoming more separate

Question 10

Black September

Answer 10

The term Black September refers to the Jordanian Civil War that began in September 1970 and ended in July of 1971. The conflict was fought between the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, and the Jordanian Armed Forces under the leadership of King Hussein.[5] At its core the civil war sought to determine if Jordan would be ruled by the Palestine Liberation Organisation or the Hashemite Monarchy.[6] The war resulted in the deaths of thousands of people, the vast majority Palestinian.[3] Armed conflict ended with the expulsion of the PLO leadership and thousands of Palestinian fighters to Lebanon.

Question 11

The Lebanese Civil War

Answer 11

Not entirely result of this but plays a significant role in the civil war.

The establishment of the state of Israel and the displacement of a hundred thousand Palestinian refugees to Lebanon during the 1948 and 1967 exoduses contributed to shifting the demographic balance in favor of the Muslim population. The Cold War had a powerful disintegrative effect on Lebanon, which was closely linked to the polarization that preceded the 1958 political crisis, since Maronites sided with the West while leftist and pan-Arab groups sided with Soviet-aligned Arab countries.[8]

Question 12

Further involvement in the Lebanon civil war

Answer 12

Fighting between Maronite and Palestinian forces (mainly from the Palestine Liberation Organization) began in 1975, then Leftist, pan-Arabist and Muslim Lebanese groups formed an alliance with the Palestinians.[9] During the course of the fighting, alliances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. Furthermore, foreign powers, such as Israel and Syria, became involved in the war and fought alongside different factions. Peace keeping forces, such as the Multinational Force in Lebanon & UNIFIL, were also stationed in Lebanon.

Question 13

Series of wars between israel and surrounding state. Upshot is militarily Israel successful in defeating the arab neighbours.
Key phases in the Arab-Israeli conflict:

Answer 13

• 1948: the first Arab-Israeli War
  
  • 1956: the Suez War
  • 1967: the ‘Six Day War’
• 1973: the ‘October War’

Question 14

THREE ICONIC FIGURES IN THE PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT

Answer 14

George Habbash
Yasser Arafat
Mahmoud Darwish

Question 15

George Habbash and the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM)

Answer 15

· From a Christian Arab family
· ANM emerges in late 1940s from a group of Palestinian students at the American University of Beirut, led by Habbash. Not only Palestinians and self consciously connected with the wider arab movement
· Ideologically committed to socialism and secularism, but above all pan-Arab nationalism and opposition to Israel
· Branches opened in a number of Arab countries in 1950s. Closely aligned with Nasserism
Following 1967 war ANM disintegrated into many leftist groups, Habbash formed Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) – more explicitly Marxist. Most of the planned hijackings carried out by pflp and led by CHRISTIAN

Question 16

Yasser Arafat, Fatah and the PLO

Answer 16

• Born to Palestinian parents in Cairo, 1929, mostly schooled in Jerusalem
• Studied at Cairo University, 1944-50
• Fought in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948
• President of General Union of Palestinian Students from 1952-56 (based in Cairo)
• Establishes new group, Fatah, around 1959. Emphasis on guerilla warfare against Israel
Emerges as lead figure in the PLO, founded 1964 by the Arab League under Nasser’s direction

Question 17

Mahmoud Darwish, Palestine’s “national poet”

Answer 17

• Born and raised in the Galilee area (part of Israel after 1948)
• Left Israel in 1970 to study in the USSR
• Joined the PLO in 1973, consequently barred from re-entering Israel
• Lived much of his subsequent life in Egypt and Lebanon
• Most famous poem, Bitaqat Hawiyya (Identity Card)
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xenov6_mahmoud-darwish-bitaqat-hawiyah-saj_creation

Question 18

The role of women in the Palestinian struggle

Womena re involved at paramilitary level

Answer 18

· Leila Khaled
Took part in hijqckings – one of the most iconic palestinians
· Tarab Abdul Hadi
Mandate period
· Sliman Mansour
·
It is still top down paternalistic approach. Women may be involved but still very repressed.
Women still play role as giving birth to nation and represent mother earth.

Hussein came out of this strand – he encouraged education for women to be seen as a modern leader but didn’t address root causes of repression of women

Question 19

The Islamic turn

Answer 19

• Increasing role for Islam in the Palestinian national movement since the 1980s
• Formation of Hamas(“The Islamic Resistance Movement”) in 1987 as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
Islamization of Palestinian nationalism part of a wider shift across the Middle East and North Africa: dates back to the colonial period, but heavily suppressed under the “revolutionary republics” of the post-colonial period

Question 20

The 1967 War: six days that transformed the Middle East

Answer 20

• A pre-emptive Israeli strike on Egypt, Syria and Jordan
• Resounding Israeli victory leads to the occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights that continues to this day
• 300,000 Palestinians fled the West Bank and about 100,000 Syrians left the Golan to become refugees
In 2015, over 750,000 Jewish Israelis living inside the occupied West Bank (including East Jerusalem) in 121 settlements

Question 21

The prior emergence of an independent Palestinian movement

BEFORE 67 WHICH INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENTS WERE EMERGING

Answer 21

• Fatah’s emergence as an underground paramilatary organisation in 1959 marks a shift to a strategy of “taking matters into our own hands” – FAILED US IN 48 THE ARAB ARMIES AND AGAIN IN 67 SO WE NEED TO RELY ONOURSELVES. GIVES RISE TI THE FEDAYI
• Rise of the figure of the fedayi (plural: fedayeen) – “those who sacrifice themselves” – MEANS FREEDOM FIGHTER IN PALESTINIAN CONSCIOUSNESS.
Famous defence of Karameh (in Jordan) in 1968 – BECAUSE OF RAIDS IN ISRAEL BY GROUPS LIKE FATAH, USRAEL CARRIES OUT A MISSION IN KARAMEH IN JORDAN AND FATAH RESISTED AND PUSHED BACK ISRAEL. PRODUCES PRIDE OF FATAH

Question 22

The 1978 Israeli-Egyptian peace accords

Answer 22

FINAL NAIL IN COFFIN THAT A WIDER PROCESS WHERE OTHER STATES WOULD INTERVENE IS CLEAR THEY WILL NOT
• Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Israel in 1977 – famous speech to the Israeli Knesset
• Initial agreements signed at Camp David in 1978. Egypt becomes first Arab country to officially recognise Israel
• Complete withdrawal of Israel from the Sinai Peninsular
Agreement marks the definitive end of the Arab-Israeli conflict

Question 23

HISTORIOGRAPHY Walid Kazziha, ‘The Impact of Palestine on Arab Politics’ - tunisia and morocco in the palestinian conflict

Answer 23

HASSAN WANTED TO RECOGNISE ISRAEL AND FROM 1965 ARGUED IN SUMMITS THAT THEY SHOULD OPEN NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE ISRAELIS as did Bourguiba openly argue for a re-instation of the 1947 partition plan of . There were secret ties between the countries Israel/Tunisia and Israel/morocco.

Question 24

HISTORIOGRAPHY Walid Kazziha, ‘The Impact of Palestine on Arab Politics’ - Algeria

Answer 24

Algerians were strong supporters to the Palestinian cause and believed in the removal of Israel – it reminded them of their recent struggles with the French. Putting it in context in its time and place, they had only gained independence from france I 1962and the struggles were reminiscent of their own struggles. Probably why they felt an affinity with Israel. (reminiscent in the sense of repression, the Israelis actually took on British methods of dealing with terrorists. If they thought a house was harbouring a fugitive, they would interrogate – if nothing, blow house up and move to next one –we are talking about severe repression which both countries had suffered.)

Question 25

HISTORIOGRAPHY WILLIS - Maghreb

Answer 25

There was a lot of support for the Palestinians across the Maghreb. Willis argues that Islamist parties like the PJD (party of justice and development) in morocco actually gained votes because of the support the parties had for the Palestinians as recent as 2002 many who voted for the pjd did so due to the parties position on the Palestinian needs.

Question 26

palestine today in the maghreb -

Answer 26

25/10/2015. pro-palestine march in morocco. Besides the banned Islamist group, the march included members of Moroccan political parties such as the Party Justice and Development (PJD), the Uniqueness and Reform Movement (MUR), the Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM), and the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP).

Question 27

Messali in Algeria and Palestine

Answer 27

Messali ENA 1926 linked PCF. International political imaginary. Links with Syria and Palestine – revolt 36-39
· Starts to distanccee himself – more siding wwith Arslan. Millionariasm, event, person or movement that ends colonialism.

Question 28

Willis pjd magrheb

Answer 28

There was a lot of support for the Palestinians across the Maghreb. Willis argues that Islamist parties like the PJD (party of justice and development) in morocco actually gained votes because of the support the parties had for the Palestinians as recent as 2002 many who voted for the pjd did so due to the parties position on the Palestinian needs.