egyptian nationalism

Question 1

wafd

Answer 1

The Wafd Party (“Delegation Party”; Arabic: حزب الوفد‎, Hizb al-Wafd) was a nationalist liberal political party in Egypt. It was said to be Egypt’s most popular and influential political party for a period from the end of World War I through the 1930s.

Question 2

when was ward established?

Answer 2

The Wafd party was an Egyptian nationalist movement that came into existence in the aftermath of World War I. Though it was not the first nationalist group in Egypt, it had the longest lasting impact. It was preceded and influenced by smaller and less significant movements which evolved over time into the more modern and stronger nationalist Wafd Party. One of these earlier movements was the Urabi Revolt led by Ahmed Orabi in the early 1880s. This uprising was fought against the ruling powers of the Egyptian Khedive and European interference with Egyptian affairs. Saad Zaghloul, the future creator and leader of the Wafd Party, was a follower of Orabi, and participated in his revolution.

Question 3

wwi and wafd

Answer 3

The actual party began taking shape during World War I. Saad Zaghloul began forming a group of individuals who shared his views, and did not include the assistance of the people. Saad Zaghloul and his contemporaries formed the Wafd (which literally means “delegation”) near the end of the war. They presented themselves with Zaghloul as their representative to Reginald Wingate, the British governor in Egypt. They told Wingate that the main goal of the Wafd was the immediate termination of the British occupation of Egypt. This was what was originally told to the governor but he was not informed of their intention to use the Paris Peace conference to plead their case to the world powers. Zaghloul had created a delegation that involved representatives of most of the political and social groups of Egypt. Since it was full of so many different groups, it could not yet truly be considered a political party but more of a coalition. The Wafd had formed a constitution outlining the ways that they wish to govern Egypt.

Question 4

british protectorate and wafd

Answer 4

The Wafd was now becoming a true party and one with complete support of the people. The delegation made its way to Paris only to hear that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson supported the British Protectorate of Egypt. Though at this point the British were still in control, the Wafd was effectively leading the people of Egypt. In 1920, the British protectorate ended and the Wafd was placed in control of Egypt. The party rapidly became the dominant political organization in the country and was the governing party (albeit in a subordinate role to the executive power of the king) through most of the liberal period which came to an end with the rise of Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Question 5

Saad Zaghloul

Answer 5

Saad Zaghloul (Arabic: سعد زغلول‎; also: Saad Zaghlûl, Sa’d Zaghloul Pasha ibn Ibrahim) (1859 – 23 August 1927) was an Egyptian revolutionary, and statesman. Zaghloul was the leader of Egypt’s nationalist Wafd Party. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 26 January 1924 to 24 November 1924.

Question 6

reginald wingate and the wafd

Answer 6

On 13 November 1918, thereafter celebrated in Egypt as Yawm al Jihad (Day of Struggle), Zaghlul, Fahmi, and Sharawi were granted an audience with General Sir Reginald Wingate (‘Wingate Pasha’), the British High Commissioner. They demanded complete independence with the proviso that Britain be allowed to supervise the Suez Canal and the public debt. They also asked permission to go to London to put their case before the British Government. On the same day, the Egyptians formed a delegation for this purpose, Al Wafd al Misri (known as the Wafd), headed by Saad Zaghlul. The British refused to allow the Wafd to proceed to London.

Question 7

time and context late 1910’s

Answer 7

1919 treaty of Versailles going on. Wilsonian 14 points – manifesto for national self determination

in Egypt and ME, they were aware of both of the above. the awareness of peace conference to determine what would happen at end of war.

Question 8

wafd a delegation with national goals and wingate

Answer 8

wafd a delegation with national goals. They saw the high commissioner Wingate, demanded independence and asked if they could represent Egypt at the peace talks. He said no and said who are you to claim the right to speak on behalf of Egyptians? You’re just some elite guys.

Question 9

who were the elite circles who dominated Egyptian governments

Answer 9

The elite circles who dominated Egyptian governments were largely from turko-circassion groups. They were pale, spoke Turkish not Arabic and didn’t identify with Egyptians. The wafd was set up to allow native Egyptians to rise to any level.

Question 10

What did this delegation do when Wingate said no but also said they had not rights to speak on behalf of Egyptian nation?

Answer 10

Took a petition round Egypt to get support of national determination. There was also this petition being circulated in Syria in preparation for the visitation by the king crane commission.

Question 11

key nationalist leaders

Answer 11

Key nationalists - sa’d zaghul – premier nationalist leader. Al-Afghani (he was from Persia or Iran- Shiite country and Afghani - from wanted wider acceptance in Shiite and Sunni to disguise Persian and Shiite routes took on al-Afghani names) and abduh. All studied at AL-Azhar. Reformists like abduh (leading islamic modernist is the me. Islam should be reformed to fit with technology and science) and rise of nationalism were closely linked. Wide discussions abut state and society.
all studied at al-azhar. Afghani father of islamic modernism.

Question 12

reaction to petition

Answer 12

· Petition received a large amount of signatures
. – Wingate refused to budge and said only in London could Egypt’s future be discussed. It was an internal matter to be discussed by the British empire not peace conference

Question 13

Who went to the peace talks?

Answer 13

prince faisal son of Hussein went with te Lawrence and delegation from other Arab provinces under British control at the end of the war were allowed to go to the peace conference. But pothers not. to French conference on behalf of. This signifies how others were allowed to go but Egypt were not. These delegates in Egypt – wafd – were arrested and exiled.

Question 14

urabi revolt

Answer 14

native egyptians rising up against rule of turko-circassion groups. ulama led as argued by meir hatina

Question 15

Demonstrations 1919

Answer 15

1919 demonstrations across Egypt. Egyptian revolution. Shaarawi. Classless demos. Rioting and violence targeting British. Al-Azhar remained focal point for opposition and protest. Women played a key role from march the 16th. Huda Shaarawi wife of ali shaarawi. She led a demo of wafdist women central committee and had a standoff with Britain forces. She took advantage of the fact the soldiers would not open fire on women and stood in front of them and refused to move. As a result, the british moved to allow her past.

Question 16

1919-1922

Answer 16

Several years of negotiations and demos and unrest until 1922

Question 17

28/2/1922 britiain and protectorate

Answer 17

Britain unilaterally decided to on 18/2/1922 and declared protectorate was over. 1922 … Egypt as an independent state
… but Britain would still control 4 things:
1. Communications within the British empire
(including Suez Canal)
2. Egyptian defense
3. Privileges granted to foreigner / minorities - could claim european citizenship and status - capitulations. Could have separate laws, courts etc.
4. Sudan – Britain wanted to maintain control over Sudan which had been ruled as part of Egypt since early in the 19th century –

Question 18

1923 Constitution

Answer 18

Set up a parliamentary democracy modelled on europe. Main wish to restrict power of wafd.

2 (largely) elected chambers: Deputies and Senate. King had a veto on all bills passed unless they could be passed a second time with a 2/3 majority. A lot pf power given to king yet he hated sharing any power with the people - not just british and the British

• Written with goal of limiting Wafd popular power
• Significant power to King, who used it regularly to suppress nationalist parties
• Women important in campaigning for the political cause given no rights, no votes despite their involvement in demonstrations

Question 19

political upheaval following constitution

Answer 19

Period of significant political upheaval:

• wanted to get full independence
• No Parliament fulfilled their 4-year term
• Wafd won the majority of free elections, but their attempts to govern were hampered by the King and his allies and (at times) the British. Not all elections were free. Parliament dismissed, constitution suspended so they wouldn’t win or a different party governed instead. Is this the start of democracy? Yes, but also no as wafd only governed 7 years out of this 29 years even though they won every free elections

Question 20

How mwnay years did ward govern out of 29 despite winning every free election

Answer 20

7 out of 29

Question 21

1930-1933

Answer 21

Constitution suspended under Sidqi - http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Sidqi ruled with iron hand dismissed in 1933 by king.

Question 22

1936

Answer 22

New treaty negotiated by Wafd. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936 this meant they could join the league of nations. This treaty cancelled capitulation. Britain retained control over defense, communications and Sudan.

Question 23

1939

Answer 23

Martial law enacted, unrest increases

Question 24

1942

Answer 24

Thought that the Egyptian king leaning towards the Germans and Germans starting to advance to the middle east countries. Lampson sends tanks to palace to force King to accept Wafd government or abdicate as king refused the wafd government. Wafd accepted this. Loss of prestige.

Question 25

1946

Answer 25

New treaty negotiated by Sidqi was rejected 1951: Failed treaty negotiations, Nahas stands down

Question 26

1946-1952

Answer 26

.. increasing violence, unrest, and political instability until 1952 Free Officer’s coup23/7/.1952 happened at a time when there was much unrest – goals were getting rid of elite landlords, getting independence e, banning the monarchy, importantly they did not set up a liberal state and replaced the previous elite with a new elite – the military elite,

Question 27

feminist union and effendi

Answer 27

Feminist union not a part but catered to the effendi. The educated middle class, upwardly mobile, come countryside and move to city. Work in salaried positions such as bureaucrats and officials, Drivers in the change to politics.

Question 28

THE RISE OF MASS BASED POLITICS

Answer 28

1930s ... Rise of a radical new politics
Political parties that addressed mass concerns 
- Social and economic justice
- Role for Islam

but never saw power in government

Question 29

Communist Party (1922)

Answer 29

The Egyptian Socialist Party (Arabic: الحزب الاشتراكي المصري‎) was a political party in Egypt. The party was founded in 1921.[1] A party conference held in July 1922 declared the Alexandria branch of the party as the party headquarters. On October 1920 the party declared itself as the true representative of the Egyptian working class. Towards the end of the year the party counted with around 1,500 members (400 in Alexandria).[2]

The party sent Hosni al-Arabi to Moscow, to negotiate a possible entry of the party to the Communist International. Al-Arabi returned to Egypt towards the end of 1921, with the instructions that the party would adhered to the twenty-one conditions of the Communist International. A majority of the party Central Committee (led by al-Arabi) approved the conditions in December 1922, and the name of the party was changed to Egyptian Communist Party (Arabic: الحزب الشيوعي المصري‎). The party treasurer Rosenthal, who had opposed some of the conditions, was expelled and substituted by Ahmed al-Madani.

Question 30

Egyptian Feminist Union (1923)

Answer 30

The Egyptian Feminist Union was founded at a meeting on 6 March 1923[1][2] at the home of activist Huda Sha’arawi,[3] who served as its first president until her death in 1947. The Union was affiliated to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. The EFU published the fortnightly periodical L’Egyptienne from 1925, and from 1937 the journal el-Masreyyah (The Egyptian Woman). The group reformed as a non-profit, non-governmental organization under the same name but with a different goal and team in 2011.[4][5] The union supported complete independence from the United Kingdom, but like it upper class male leaders of the Wafd Party, promoted European social values and had an essentially secular orientation. The objective of the feminist movement were symbolized by well publicized gesture of social freedom made by Sha’rawi and her associate, Saiza Nabrawi, who removed their veils as they stepped off a train at Cairo’s main railway station in 1923. Demands for education reforms by the Egyptian Feminist Union were met in 1925 when the government made primary education compulsory for girls as well as boys, and later in the decade women were admitted to the national university for the first time. The union’s campaign for the reform of family law, however, was unsuccessful.[6]

Question 31

Young Egypt (1933)

Answer 31

The party was formed October 1933 as a “radical nationalist” party with “religious elements” by its leader Ahmed Husayn. Its aim was to make Egypt an “empire”—the empire consisting of Egypt and Sudan—that would ally with other Arab countries and “serve as the leader of Islam”. It was also a militaristic organization whose young members were organized in a paramilitary movement called the Green Shirts. Founded around the same time as many other fascist organisations, it openly admired the achievements of Nazi Germany, the enemy of Egypt’s occupier, Great Britain. As German power grew, it’s anti-British tone increased.[1]

During its heyday in the 1930s Young Egypt’s[2] “Green Shirts” had some violent confrontations with the Wafd party’s “blue shirts.” One member even tried to assassinate Mustafa el-Nahas Pasha in November 1937. Under government pressure, the Green shirts were disbanded in 1938. The group was renamed the Nationalist Islamic Party in 1940, when it took on a more religious, as well as anti-British tone. After the war it was renamed yet again, now the Socialist Party of Egypt. The group’s one electoral success came when it sent Ibrahim Shukri, its vice-president to parliament in 1951. However it was disbanded, along with all other parties, in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

After parties were allowed again in Egypt, Ibriham Shukri formed a group, the Socialist Labor Party in 1978, which despite its name it took much of the populistic and nationalistic ideology of Young Egypt. Its organ was Al-Sha’ab (The People)[

Question 32

Muslim Brotherhood (1928)

Answer 32

The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: جماعة الإخوان المسلمين‎), shortened to the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn), is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.[1][2][3][4] The organisation gained supporters throughout the Arab world and influenced other Islamist groups such as Hamas[5] with its “model of political activism combined with Islamic charity work”,[6] and in 2012 sponsored the elected political party in Egypt after the January Revolution in 2011. However, it suffered from periodic government crackdowns for alleged terrorist activities, and as of 2015 is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain,[7][8] Egypt, Russia, Syria, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.[9][10][11][12]

The Brotherhood’s stated goal is to instill the Qur’an and Sunnah as the “sole reference point for … ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community … and state.”[13] Its mottos include “Believers are but Brothers”, “Islam is the Solution”, and “Allah is our objective; the Qur’an is the Constitution; the Prophet is our leader; jihad is our way; death for the sake of Allah is our wish.”[14][15][16] It is financed by members, who are required to allocate a portion of their income to the movement,[17] and was for many years financed by Saudi Arabia, with whom it shared some enemies and some points of doctrine.[17][18]

As a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam, taught the illiterate, set up hospitals and business enterprises. The group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt despite a succession of government crackdowns in 1948,[19][20] 1954,[21] 1965, and 2013 after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and overthrow were uncovered.[22][23][24] Over the years it also developed branches in other Muslim countries.

Question 33

Effendi

Answer 33

”” (lit. afandi) was the term used in Egypt in the early twentieth century to refer to the urban, educated middle class of native Egyptians.

Question 34

What role did social and cultural changes – including the rise of a middle class – play in politics in the Ottoman empire and Mandate states?

Answer 34

What motivated demonstrations – wanting self determination, rise of pan Arab sentiment, rise of anti colonial sentiment, rise of new media, rise of European ideas and practices imported, some degree a rural to urban shift, growth political parties, new education system, growth of middle class – effendi led to rise of radical new politics

Question 35

three legged stool- Warburg

Answer 35

Britain (mark lampson), the king (Farouq in 1936) and the wafd (Saad Zaghul) interwar egyptian politics. This is the dominant paradigm

Question 36

Selma Botman historiography

Answer 36

Adds minority groups to the three legged school.
Four groups (Selma Botman):- Palace, British, Wafd, minority parties:
- Liberal Constitutionalists (1922)
- Unity (Ittihad Party) (1925) - closely allied with the king
- People’s Party (1930)
- Sa’dist Party (1937)

Question 37

Supra-Egyptian nationalism came from 3 things

Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945

Answer 37

1. Economic and political difficulties which reaulted in dissolutionment with the existing Egyptian order. Egyptians started to question it
2. Many were becoming more literate but wer not westernised as the old elite order had been. Also showing an interest in their muslim and arab neighbours
   The contact bewteen these neighbours

Question 38

Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945 Effendi and historiography

Answer 38

Urban Educated Middle classe native Egyptian. Above urban working class and rural peasantry. Dressed in european style clothing. Formal Education – particularly western style secondary schools. These were typically civil servants, teachers, clerks in commercail economy, some merchats and employees in traditional parts of the econmy dependent on dress. IMPROTANT AS THE MODERN EFFENDI MADE UP MODERN

Question 39

Pharaonism

Answer 39

The Pharaonist movement, or Pharaonism, is an ideology that rose to prominence in Egypt in the 1920s and 1930s. It looked to Egypt’s pre-Islamic past and argued that Egypt was part of a larger Mediterranean civilization. This ideology stressed the role of the Nile River and the Mediterranean Sea. Pharaonism’s most notable advocate was Taha Hussein.

Question 40

secular egyptian nationalism

Answer 40

Questions of identity came to the fore in the 20th century as Egyptians sought to free themselves from British occupation, leading to the rise of ethno-territorial secular Egyptian nationalism (also known as “Pharaonism”). Pharaonism became the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists of the pre- and inter-war periods:

Question 41

Donald M. Reid, ”Nationalizing the Pharaonic Past: Egyptology, Imperialism, and Egyptian Nationalism, 1922-1952”

Answer 41

Also the time spent by pharaoicists in other parts of the middle east appear to have made them convert to arabism. Not looking at themselves as egyptians so much as arabs.

Question 42

Arabs/Egyptians

Answer 42

In 1931, following a visit to Egypt, Syrian Arab nationalist Sati’ al-Husri remarked that “[Egyptians] did not possess an Arab nationalist sentiment; did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands, and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation.”[2] The later 1930s would become a formative period for Arab nationalism in Egypt, in large part due to efforts by Syrian/Palestinian/Lebanese intellectuals.[3]

Question 43

As argued by Janowski and Gershoni in Redefining the Egyptian nation - invented traditions

Answer 43

Both types of nationalism need invented tradions - hogsbawm. These were linked to the indigenous arab, islamc and estern dimensions of egyptian life - strart of pan arab.

Question 44

As argued by Janowski and Gershoni in Redefining the Egyptian nation - where did supra-egyptian nationalism come from

Answer 44

supra-egyptian nationalism came from economic and political difficulties, difficulties which spread dissolusionment. The changing social composition of the articulate public after 1930 - more literate. Growth of contacts which reinforced an Wgyoptian identification with arab nationalism in particular.

Question 45

As argued by Janowski and Gershoni in Redefining the Egyptian nation - 20’s to 30’s

Answer 45

Economic difficulties and factional repession through the 30’s changed the mental outlook. They went from optimistic in the 20’s to disillusioned in the 30’s

Question 46

As argued by Janowski and Gershoni in Redefining the Egyptian nation - corruption

Answer 46

This spread to the Egyptian people – the idea of materialism, opportunitism, self gain corrupting them socially. This means careers like doctors being extortionate, judges showing partiality in their verdicts

Question 47

As argued by Janowski and Gershoni in Redefining the Egyptian nation -effendi

Answer 47

effendi vital as they made up modern egypt. With urbanisation and increased schooling, created westernised, educated upper class gropu, and moved nationalism away from earlier territorial perspective and moved to to the supra egyptianist outlook

Question 48

questions about readings

Answer 48

Why did they reject the west in your opinion considering they were educated in a western manner?
Do you think the reading bridges the gap between arab nationalism and nasssers pan arab nationalism? In the sense do you think one naturally led to the other?
The reading, to me, gives the impression of pan-arabism emerging. Do you think Nasser would have been so popular without this ‘supra-egyptianism’