Generational divide

Question 1

Legitimacy

Answer 1

Legitimacy – colonial regimes, association with colonial powers, 80’s and 90’s – legitimacy of regimes being challenged by a variety of political fronts

Question 2

Authenticity

Answer 2

– what did it mean to be authentically muslim and what did it mean to be authenticall arab. Anyone inauthentic betraying arab world and more dangerous than the masters as pretending to be ‘authentic’

Question 3

Disrupt narrative

Answer 3

– colonial arab nationalism – Islamism. Avoid presentism, in the 90’s historians becoming obsessed with Islamism but miss oout the other parts. EG far left anti-colonial movement inspired oparticularly by Palestinians

Question 4

· Generational divide

Answer 4

– strong. Politics and society being thought about in terms of this· Us and them thought about in terms of generation
· Corruption – see people in power as being corrupt.
· Relationship to history- decisive shift – anticolonial and post independence generation whose knowledge of this will be from family and books – no personal experience of the colonialism. What are the leaders offering them? BLOCKED SOCIETY – careers social lives being blocked – French historian

Question 5

Urbanisation

Answer 5

Urbanisation – Algiers, Casablanca, process of moving to cities for better ives and emergence of discontent. social services non existent fuels discontent. Tensions around housing. Populations within major cities becoming very angry as feel on the ground govts not providing help§

Question 6

Education

Answer 6

Education – danger of education – investment in it. Educating population, widening horizons and then not able to fulfil those horizons

Question 7

Globalisation

Answer 7

– impact of different models of society – consumerism, mesure social divisions – minority benefitting from consumerism. Small minority of men inspired to gfight in Afghanistan – building networks

Question 8

Why is algeria different to morocco and tunisia?

Answer 8

ALGERIA -0 thrid world revolutionary (sees itself as0 – difference with Algeria and morocco, Algeria has oil and gas – no tourism – morocco does so relies upon tourism for their economy

Question 9

Military

Answer 9

Ben Bella to Boumedienne (military general) role of the military think about. 1965 solidifies process during independence

Question 10

High point

Answer 10

High point late 1960 and early 70’s as a leader of third world revo movement – Algeria seen as model for plo, anti-aparthite movement. Mandella uses it as a model

Question 11

Chadli

Answer 11

only got the post as a compromise between bouteflicka and another (2 main contenders Bouteflika – long standing foreign minister and Yahiaoui director of FLN. However Colonel Chadli was chosen instead due to the military pushing for it-they wanted to maintain their place in Algerian politics. Chadli made his head of FLN and PM military candidates) public saw hoim as weak and easily manipulated

Question 12

Youth and Islamism

Answer 12

With third worldism and pan-arabism unsuprisig the youth begame rootless and seduced by Islamism

Question 13

Berber and legitimacy

Answer 13

Ø Berber spring challenged legitimacy of the regime – yahia founded LADDh) league of Algeria of the Defense of human rights as 20 members of committee of chikdren of Chouhada? Had been arrested. Linked with amnesty international, regime declared LADDH illegal, and imprisoned him for 11 months, west were not happy, chadli were tying to build ties with thm… this shows a challenge to legitimicay of regime as human rights recored?

Question 14

Chadli on Islam

Answer 14

Islamists on rise, encouraged by chadli, but Arabic speaking students felt not same opportunity as franco – violence, student beheaded. Chadli crackdown, 400 arrested – however too late. 100,000 people attended meeting at Algiers uni – islamists – about trying to get Islamic state

Chadli encouraged islamists by giving Arabic place names instead of French. In school islamist influence strong, Arabic rteaching based on koran, teachers warning children that parents will go to hell if not obeying sharia law.

Question 15

crackdown on islam

Answer 15

In contrast to morocco and Tunisia, repression not as harsh. Light sentence for the behaders of the leftist student, trial of arrested islamists eventually called off.

Question 16

CLIMAX OF LEGITIMACY PROBLems

Answer 16

Ø
CLIMAX OF LEGITIMACY PROBLEM – ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISLOCATION, YOUNG MEN ROBBED OF THEIR SELF ESTEEM. SHORT TERM, ALLIANCE OF FLN LEFTISTS, COMMUNISTS, PAN ARABISTS WHO FEARED LIBERALISATION AGAINST COALISTION OF CHADLIS REFORMERS PUSHING FOR FURTEHR REGORMS.

Question 17

IMF Algerian politics

Answer 17

Went to IMF for money. Result was IMF then had a ‘determining role in Algerian politics’ - collectivbe farms split to individual holdings, subsidies for foodstuff got rid of, basically used western model of capitalism

Question 18

Ben Bella, Boumedienne and berbers

Answer 18

Under both Ben Bella and Boumedienne’s, the Berbers were repressed, cultural festivals and radio broadcasts in Berber were reduced and cancelled and it was illegal to give Berber names to children

Question 19

Berber Spring rise of

Answer 19

· French created Academie Berbere which was dedicated to teaching about the Berber culture and language. This along with other factors led to a steady rise of associations in Berber culture and language
Much of this led to the Berber Spring which although said Berber was actually more limited to Kabylia. This was because other Berbers in Algeria were in more of the mountainous areas which were not so affected by colonisation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Spring

Question 20

FIS and Berbers

Answer 20

· Algeria followed moroccos lead in getting an ally in the berbersdue to the rise of FIS. 11/94 pm made speecg affirming berber elements of Algerian national identity, launched efforts to intergrate berber into everday life. 1995 Berber officially seen as part of Algeria national identity

		ISLAM AND BERBER DIFFERED. ISLAMISTS BELIVE IN ARABIC BEING THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE QARAN. ISLAMIST BELIVE IN A SINGLE IDENTITY WHEREAS BERBER BELIEVE IN A GREATER RECOGNITION OF MINORITIES

Question 21

Youth and berber

Answer 21

· 21st anniversary of the Kabyle Spring marked a rise in civil unrest-2001. Although it was not actually surrounding culture and languaue. It mainly came from unfair arrests of Kabyle teens arrested for being rufde to police. The demands presented by Kabyle people following the unrest only contained 1 demand about the language – everything else was political in relation to the entire country.

· Kabyle were becoming isolated due to large support for the FIS and Kabyle supported RCD and FFS and were some of the only to do so.

Question 22

1967

Answer 22

shatters pan arabism and nasser and rise of islam but it does happen later in the maghreb

Question 23

Arabic v French for youth

Answer 23

he problem was that classical Arabic was little known to the vast majority of Algerians, who spoke Arabic dialect or one of the Berber languages. The first wave of students to be educated in Arabic found that when they later reached the job market, the language that they actually needed was French. These frustrated and resentful young arabophones soon after provided a fertile recruitment ground for political Islamists.

Question 24

generation who lived through colonialism v generation that didn’t

Answer 24

For this generation who lived through colonialism and the struggle for independence, taking French nationality is indelibly associated with being
a harki, the term used to describe Algerians who fought with the French during the war, and who migrated to France in significant numbers after 1962.

This is not the case for the younger generation outside the privileged elite, who often joke that if there was a referendum today, they would vote for Algeria to return to French control. Of course, this is less an expression of veneration for France than the manifestation of the deep frustrations of young Algerians today, for whom the future seems to hold few prospects.

Question 25

Who was the enemy for the youth

Answer 25

For these young people, the enemy was no longer France but single party rule, mismanagement and corruption, which were not only denying them the possibility to fulfil their potential, but also failing to even stock food in the shops.

Question 26

Youth and french nationality

Answer 26

Young Algerians thus have no qualms about trying to obtain French nationality, and for many this seems the only hope for a better quality of life.

Question 27

Algerians and france and the west

Answer 27

Many Algerians hold France and the West partly responsible for the wave of violence which they suffered from 1988 onwards. Persisting in their belief that Islamic fundamentalism was an internal problem for Muslim countries, the French and British Governments for a long time left radical imams to preach hate- filled sermons in French and British mosques, and collect huge sums of money to fund terrorist attacks in Algeria.

Question 28

ideas of nation

Answer 28

Anderson print press capitalism
anthony d smith – not invented oout of thin air – umbilical cord stretches back – grounded in older ethno-symoblism – modes of culture. Could only succeed because there is something more grounded
james mcdougall nation into look at it
place various forms of nationalism amongst a wider discussion. Not accepting nationalism on face value but criticises what nationalism is
look at nation as a constructed concept

Question 29

1965

Answer 29

· 22/3 riots in casblanca – secondary school students who feel they are being excluded fromeducation
· 7/6 suspension of constitution
· kidnap of ben barka – 29/10
Hassan 2 left isolated§

Question 30

Green march of 1975

Answer 30

· Western sahara controlled by spain – death of franco – leaves western sahara – morocco move in
· Inidiginous of sahara belive theirs and supported by Algeria. Polisario front
· Results in political unity that supports the monarchy and monarchy becomes legitimised
· Morocoon regime supported by usa –repression of opposition – look this up. Horrendous human rights record
· Don’t talk abpout politics in morocco as someone might be listening – martin interview – 21

Question 31

Polisarion Front

Answer 31

Morocco social tensiuons in 1980’s
· Economy in crisis and 80’s undergoes restructuring process under imf an world bank
· Taking away subsidies for cheap food and goods
· Rioting in 81 and 84 – same process in algeria
· Trace urban rioting around - youth and urbanisation

Question 32

Difference bewteen algeria and morocco

Answer 32

ALGERIA -0 thrid world revolutionary (sees itself as0 – difference with Algeria and morocco, Algeria has oil and gas – no tourism – morocco does so relies upon tourism for their economy

Question 33

Algeria

independence 1962

Answer 33

· Ben Bella to Boumedienne 9military general) role of the military think about. 1965 solidifies process during independence
· High point late 1960 and early 70’s as a leader of third world revo movement – Algeria seen as model for plo, anti-aparthite movement. Mandella uses it as a model
· Pan African Festival 1969
Leader of non-aligned movemen

Question 34

Hittiste

Answer 34

These young, apolitical, unemployed people are not unique to Syria, as you can see, but are also equally common to Algeria. Some spend their time hanging out; others are involved in the arts or in Web activities. The latter are the new breed of Hittistes.

The hittiste are generally defined as urban poor, with no chance of employment,
dependent on their families for shelter and food into their mid-20s. They are the disenfranchised, much as the African American youth in large urban areas of the United States.

To find out more about the Algerian Hittistes (the new breed), you can GOOGLE to their website

Question 35

Social change in the 1970’s

Answer 35

· 70’s era of massive social change urbanisation. Expansion of education, population increase.
· State could not support this growth.
· 2 groups of discontent – young urban poor and devout bourgeoisie. Both groups were have nots … turned to islam on a cultural level – displaced pan-arabism to Islamism.

Question 36

Islamic groups and failing state

Answer 36

· Islamic groups provided social services and education to compensate failure of the state..

Question 37

HISTORIOGRAPHY - Wickham - benefits of joining islamic groups

Answer 37

Graduates joined because of the benefits they would get from participation – material, psychological and or emotional but led to progression high risk activism
Changed to high risk activism due to feeling a moral obligation
Access to benefits (material, psychological and or emotional), individuals join due to deeply held commitements, values and beliefs,
Ø Many graduates joined due to self interest – benefits
Ø Initially joined in social and cultural activities – religious lessons, study group
Ø Relatinships by non activist and activist continues ( veil and jeans and t shirt frieds)
Ø Instead of joining a group the communal netwroks less risky due to mass repression
Ø Also the support given eg help to get a visa for job abroad, could improve marriage opportunity, securing work in Islamic sector
Ø The graduates got a sense of belonging, ‘brothers and sisters’ , psycic empowerment, transforming poorly skilled graduates with bleak prospects into fellow soldiersin the noble task of Islamic reform

Question 38

HISTORIOGRAPHY - Wickham - disillusionment

Answer 38

Ø Many graduates seen corruption- teacher giving exam paper first to someone who paid for it, jobs given because of social connections – lower middle class graduates belived there was a CRISIS of MORALS and system dominated by westernized politicians

Question 39

HISTORIOGRAPHY - trail of political islam - kepel - what led to it

Answer 39

Young urban poor becoming literate
o increase in population – 70-75 per cent under 25
o Rural could no longer feed children
o Move from rural to urban
o Education meant no longer relying on ulam, doc of law or sheikh to read quran as education policies of newly independent state meant mass education
o By 1970’s many of the young had no recollection of colonial era and trusted the elites.
o Educated but no job
Disillusionment with state

Question 40

anthony d smith

Answer 40

Smith argues that nationalism draws on the pre-existing history of the “group”, an attempt to fashion this history into a sense of common identity and shared history. This is not to say that this history should be academically valid or cogent - indeed, Smith asserts, many nationalisms are based on historically flawed interpretations of past events and tend to overly mythologise small, inaccurate parts of their history. Moreover, Smith reasons that nationalistic interpretations of the past are frequently fabricated to justify modern political and ethnic positions.

Nationalism, according to Smith, does not require that members of a “nation” should all be alike, only that they should feel an intense bond of solidarity to the nation and other members of their nation. A sense of nationalism can inhabit and be produced from whatever dominant ideology exists in a given locale. Nationalism builds on pre-existing kinship, religious and belief systems. Smith describes the ethnic groups that form the background of modern nations as “ethnie”.

Question 41

james mcdougall oxford uni nationalism

Answer 41

Colonialism denied Algeria its own history; nationalism reinvented it. James McDougall charts the creation of that history through colonialism to independence, exploring the struggle to define Algeria’s past and determine the meaning of its nationhood. Through local histories, he analyses the relationship between history, Islamic culture and nationalism in Algeria. He confronts prevailing notions that nationalism emancipated Algerian history, and that Algeria’s past has somehow determined its present, violence breeding violence, tragedy repeating itself. Instead, he argues, nationalism was a new kind of domination, in which multiple memories and possible futures were effaced. But the histories hidden by nationalism remain below the surface, and can be recovered to create alternative visions for the future. This is an exceptional and engaging book, rich in analysis and documentation. It will be read by colonial historians and social theorists as well as by scholars of the Middle East and North Africa.

Question 42

print capitalism anderson

Answer 42

Print capitalism is a theory underlying the concept of a nation, as a group that forms an imagined community, that emerges with a common language and discourse that is generated from the use of the printing press, proliferated by a capitalist marketplace. Capitalist entrepreneurs printed their books and media in the vernacular (instead of exclusive script languages, such as Latin) in order to maximize circulation. As a result, readers speaking various local dialects became able to understand each other, and a common discourse emerged. Anderson argued that the first European nation-states were thus formed around their “national print-languages.

Question 43

Martin Evans - algeria: Anger of the dispossessed

Answer 43

Alienated from their real history by …socialism, third worldism and pan-arabism, the post 1962 generation were destined to become rootless. Is it little wonder…thatso many of them were sedcused by islamism.

Question 44

Martin Evans - algeria: Anger of the dispossessed

Answer 44

Ø Islamists on rise, encouraged by chadli, but Arabic speaking students felt not same opportunity as franco – violence, student beheaded at algiers uni. Chadli crackdown, 400 arrested – however too late. 100,000 people attended meeting at Algiers uni – islamists – about trying to get Islamic state
In contrast to morocco and Tunisia, repression not as harsh. Light sentence for the behaders of the leftist student, trial of arrested islamists eventually called off.