Programming Languages

Question 1

Second-generation : Assembly language

Answer 1

A mnemonic system for representing machine instructions
+Mnemonic names for op-codes
+Program variables or identifiers : Descriptive names for memory locations, chosen by the programmer

Question 2

Assembly Language Characteristics

Answer 2

One-to-one correspondence between machine instructions and assembly instructions
+Programmer must think like the machine
Inherently machine-dependent
Converted to machine language by a program called an assembler

Question 3

Third Generation Language

Answer 3

Uses high-level primitives
Machine independent (mostly)
Examples : FORTRAN, COBOL
Each primitive corresponds to a sequence of machine language instructions
Converted to machine language by a program called compiler

Question 4

Fourth Generation Language

Answer 4

There is no obvious difference between 3. and 4. gen PLs
Process is short
Spelled as Fourth GL (“procedural language”)
Each step is defined and executed
Fourth GLs has own query languages
+SQL (structured query language)
Screen painter/designer
Application generators
Report generators

Question 5

Procedural Units*

Answer 5

Many terms for this concept :
-Subprogram, subroutine, procedure, method, function
Unit begins with the function’s header
Local vs. Global Variables
Formal versus Actual Parameters
Passing parameters by value versus reference

Question 6

Program design aims

Answer 6

Reliability
Maintainability
Portability
Readability
Performance
Storage Saving

Question 7

Basic Coding Principles

Answer 7

Declarations : Yeterince uzun ve anlamlı değişken adları
Indentation : Girintili yazı yazma
Structures : Appropriate structures should be used
Length :Subprograms in the program must be arranged in managale lengths
Descriptions :Tanımlayıcı bilgiler programda yazmalı

Question 8

Translators

Answer 8

Assembler : A program that transfers assembly language into machine code

Compiler : A program that translates a high-level language into a machine-oriented language, pften machine code

Interpreter : A program which translates and executes each source statement in logical sequence as the program is executed

Question 9

Compiler

Answer 9

Controls all program in one step
Checks lexical and syntatical errors
If no error is found, then the program is converted into object code
The object code is converted to executable code

Question 10

Interpreter

Answer 10

Checks all program statement by statement
All statements in a loop are converted repeatedly
Slow…

Question 11

Objects and Classes

Answer 11

Object : Active program unit containing both data and procedures

Class : A template from which onjects are constructed

An object is called an instance of the class

Question 12

Components of an Object

Answer 12

Instance Variable : Variable within an object
+Holds information within the object
Method : Procedure within an object
+Describes the actions that the object can perform
Constructor : Special method used to initialize a new object when it is first constructed

Question 13

Object Integrity

Answer 13

Encapsulation : A way of restricting access to the internal components of an object
+Private
+Public

Question 14

Inheritance and Polymorphism

Answer 14

Inheritance : Allows new classes to be defined in terms of previously defined classes

Polymorphism : Allows method calls to be interpreted by the object that recieves the call

Question 15

Programming Concurrent Activities

Answer 15

Parallel (or Concurrent) processing : simultaneous execution of multiple processes
+True concurrent processing requires multiple CPUs
+Can be simulated using time-sharing with a single CPU

Question 16

Controlling Access to Data

Answer 16

Mutual Exclusion : A method for ensuring that data can be accessed by only one process at a time

Monitor : A data item augmented (artırılmış biliş) with the ability to control access to itself

Question 17

Declarative Programming

Answer 17

Resolution : Combining two or more statements to produce a new statement (that is a logical consequence of the originals)
+Example (P or Q)and (R or Q’) resolves to (P or R)
+Resolvent : A new statemnt deduced by resolution
+Clause form : A statement whose elementary components are connected by the Boolean operation “or”

Unification : Assigning a value to a varible so that two statements become “compatible”

Question 18

Rust

Answer 18

Rust is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language. Rust emphasizes performance, type safety, and concurrency

To simultaneously enforce memory safety and prevent concurrent data races, Rust’s “borrow checker” tracks the object lifetime of all references in a program during compilation

Rust is popular for systems programming but also offers high-level features including some functional programming constructs.

Rust has been noted for its growth as a newer language and has been the subject of academic programming languages research

Note : Also, we can say GO programming language using for these aims