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ARE 5.0 > Programming & Analysis (PA) > Flashcards

Programming & Analysis (PA) Flashcards

1
Q

I = PAT

A

Impact = population x affluence x technology

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2
Q

Landscape fragmentation & impacts

A

Loss of cohesive patterns of connectedness in a landscape. Negatively impacts biodiversity and landscape resilience.

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3
Q

Qualifiers for Sustainable material selection (4)

A

Regionally available, sustainably harvested, low impact, and reused/recycled.

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4
Q

Sustainable energy design (2)

A

Energy conservation and use of regenerative energy sources

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5
Q

Sustainability elements to consider

A

Material selection, energy consumption, water use, waste, lighting, construction methods, site development practices

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6
Q

Building for Economic and Environmental Standards (BEES)

A

Evaluates the life cycle costs and environmental impacts of building materials in 10 areas of concern

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7
Q

5 LEED Categories

A

Site design and planning, energy use, water management, materials resources and waste, indoor environmental quality

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8
Q

BEES Life Cycle Assessment - 10 lmpacts

A
  1. Global warming potential
  2. Acidification potential
  3. Eutrophication potential
  4. Natural resource depletion
  5. IAQ impacts
  6. Solid waste impacts
  7. Smog
  8. Ecological toxicity
  9. Human toxicity
  10. Ozone depletion
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9
Q

Green building material requirements (9)

A
  1. Recycled / salvaged
  2. FSC wood
  3. Short term renewable (10 years)
  4. Toxin free
  5. Reduced material volume
  6. Low manufacturing footprint
  7. HVAC efficient
  8. Reusable or recyclable
  9. Locally sourced
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10
Q

ABS Piping

A

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. Used for waste pipes but contains very toxic materials and is expensive to manufacture.

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11
Q

Cast Iron pipe

A

No more durable than PVC but manufacturing has high environmental and energy impacts.

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12
Q

Dangers of PVC

A

Highly toxic manufacturing, not reusable or recyclable, cannot be safely burned.

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13
Q

Dangers of Cement Dust

A

High alkalinity can tamper with local groundwater PH and potentially harm aquatic life

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14
Q

Fly Ash Concrete

A

Add mixture for cement that uses by-product of burning coal. Increases strength of concrete mix and reduces the amount of Portland cement required.

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15
Q

What is the Brownfield Movement?

A

1990s push to find effective uses for abandoned and environmentally unsafe properties

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16
Q

Strategies for minimizing disturbed area

A

Clustering buildings, increasing density, and encouraging smaller building footprints

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17
Q

CINDI

A

Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information

Info on local site hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, flood, etc.

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18
Q

What contributed to the transition of nomadism to urbanism?

A

Agriculture, religion, surplus of food, ceremony, and leadership.

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19
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

Rectangular survey system for areas west of the Pennsylvania Ohio border. (16) 6x6 mile townships divided into 36 sections to make up a town.

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20
Q

Catchment Area

A

Region of primary market for a certain development (I.e. patrons at a proposed supermarket or students in a district)

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21
Q

Proxemics

A

Observations and theories of the use of space and how it defines a culture

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22
Q

Behavior settings

A

Locations and conditions of a location associated with ritual.

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23
Q

What utilities are typically found under roadways?

A

Sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and water mains

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24
Q

What utilities are typically found adjacent to roadways?

A

Electrical, telecommunications, and gas

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25
Q

Albedo

A

Solar reflectance. Measured on a scale of 0-1

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26
Q

What are wetlands protected from?

A

Damage due to development, discharge, and destruction

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27
Q

What areas are not suitable for development?

A
  • wetlands and sites within 100ft
  • elevations lower than 5 ft above 100 year floodplain
  • habitats for endangered species
  • historic sites
  • farm land
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28
Q

Key elements of selecting BUILDING LOCATION

A
  • existing infrastructure
  • contribution to mixed use
  • public transportation / pedestrian
  • minimize vegetation clearing
  • minimize shadow on adjacent bldgs
  • maximize airflow
  • use of gravity sewer systems
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29
Q

Key elements when deciding BUILDING GEOMETRY

A
  • minimize building footprint
  • optimize material use and limit waste
  • high reflectance roof (or green)
  • providing bicycle storage
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30
Q

Bioswale

A

Shallow grass-lined ditch or channel designed to detain storm runoff and remove contaminants through phytoremediation

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31
Q

What agency keeps topographical information of the US and located floodplains?

A

US Geological Survey (USGS)

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32
Q

NFPA 1

A

Fire code

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33
Q

NFPA 101

A

Life safety code

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34
Q

NFPA 70

A

Electrical code

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35
Q

ANSI Standard A117.1

A

Accessible and Usable Building Facilities. What ADA requirements are based on

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36
Q

After ICC issues an update to IBC, how much time does a state have to adopt it?

A

No time limit.

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37
Q

Steiner Tunnel Test

A

Surfacing burning test for interior finishes. Establishes a flame spread index (FSI). Part of ASTM E84

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38
Q

SDI

A

Smoke Developed Index

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39
Q

What does zoning primarily regulate?

A
  • what the parcel can be used for
  • how much can be covered by bldg
  • how large structures can be
  • setbacks
  • parking requirements
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40
Q

What are 3 kinds of covenants?

A
  • restrictive
  • affirmative
  • conditional
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41
Q

What factors are impacted by occupancy classification?

A
  • maximum area of building
  • maximum allowable height (in height and number of stories)
  • how the building is separated from other structures
  • egress design
  • use of fire partitions
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42
Q

What are the critical things to determine during programming?

A
  1. Occupancy
  2. Construction Type
  3. Max Allowable Area & Height
  4. Energy Conservation Appraoch
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43
Q

What are the least and most fire resistive construction types?

A

Type I (most resistive)
Type V (least resistive)

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44
Q

What do the A & B suffixes mean on construction types?

A

Whether or not the building is fire-protected. A is protected, B is not.

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45
Q

What factors should be determined at the start of schematic design? (After initial code review and and programming is completed)

A
  1. Calculate the occupant load of the building
  2. Complete in depth code review
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46
Q

What climatic influences are part of schematic design?

A
  1. Solar orientation
  2. Design strategies for climatic regions
  3. Alternative Energy Systems
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47
Q

Solar Altitude

A

Sun’s angle above the horizon

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48
Q

Azimuth

A

Sun’s angle north/south from an east/west line.

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49
Q

What is the best overall building orientation for the northern hemisphere?

A

Long edge facing south with a 5-25 degree angle east or west.

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50
Q

What are (5) examples of sun shading that keeps the building cool in summer and warms it up in winter?

A
  1. Overhangs
  2. Shades
  3. Louvers
  4. Vertical Baffles
  5. Deciduous trees
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51
Q

What are (4) energy efficiency techniques for cold climates?

A
  1. Use as little surface area as possible (cube)
  2. Large south facing windows
  3. Use dark colors for exterior
  4. High thermal mass interior finishes
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52
Q

What are (3) energy efficiency techniques for hot, humid climates?

A
  1. Narrow floor plans for easy cross ventilation
  2. Provide shade at all openings
  3. Use light exterior colors
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53
Q

What are (4) energy efficiency techniques for hot, arid climates?

A
  1. Use small surface area-volume ratio
  2. Minimize opening sizes
  3. Provide shade at openings
  4. Use light colors at building exterior
  5. Use materials with high thermal mass
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54
Q

What are methods for passive solar heating?

A
  • orient building within 15 degrees of true south.
  • use thermal mass to capture heat
  • plant deciduous trees along south
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55
Q

Radiative Cooling

A

Used thermal mass to tire heat during the day and releases to the outside at night

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56
Q

Ground Coupling

A

Uses stable coolness of the earth to cool a building using a ground source heat pump

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57
Q

Passive Solar Cooling

A

Uses concepts of shading, natural ventilation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and ground coupling

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58
Q

Natural cooling strategies

A
  • use passive solar cooling
  • trees and other landscape to shade
  • use shading devices
  • minimize glazed areas on east and west facades
  • use light or reflective materials
  • limit use of paving
  • take advantage of wind patterns
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59
Q

What are the four main alternative energy systems?

A
  1. Passive solar heating
  2. Natural cooling
  3. Active Solar
  4. Photovoltaics
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60
Q

What is the US Public Land Survey?

A

A grid system that establishes site boundaries. Made up of parallels (horizontal) and meridians (vertical). The grid is spaced 24 miles square

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61
Q

Describe this designation:
T.13N, R.7E, 6th PM

A

Township 13 North, Range 7 east of the 6th principal meridian

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62
Q

How many acres are in a land section?

A

640 (80x80)

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63
Q

How many square meters are in a hectare (acre)?

A

10,000

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64
Q

Slope formula

A

G=d/Lx100%

Slope = vertical / horizontal

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65
Q

Building use on slopes 0%-4%

A

Usable for all types and easy to build on.

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66
Q

Building use on slopes 4%-10%

A

Suitable for informal movement and outdoor activity. Can be built on with little difficulty

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67
Q

Building use on slopes 10%

A

Difficult to build on and difficult to climb / plan activity

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68
Q

What is the maximum slope for a landscaped slope?

A

50%

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69
Q

What is the max slope for a road?

A

10%

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70
Q

What is considered a high water table?

A

6-8ft below grade

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71
Q

What is the water table?

A

Underground level in which the soil is saturated with water

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72
Q

Runoff Coefficient

A

Fraction of the total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground

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73
Q

What is a silt fence?

A

Temporary fence designed to allow water to pass through while filtering sediment. Placed along the perimeter of construction sites.

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74
Q

What are the 4 grain classifications of soil?

A

Gravel (over 2mm)
Sand (.05mm-2mm)
Silt (.002mm-.05mm)
Clay(under .002mm)

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75
Q

What are geological considerations when determining site feasibility?

A
  • soil types
  • moisture content
  • depth of topsoil
  • depth to water table
  • depth to bedrock
  • drainage characteristics
  • soil fertility
  • rock outcroppings
  • susceptibility to compaction
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76
Q

What is hydrology?

A

The occurrence, movement, and quality of water on site

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77
Q

Where can you find a map of the US floodplains?

A

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)

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78
Q

What is a brownfield?

A

Property whose development may be complicated by the presence of hazardous substances.

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79
Q

How far must water mains be separated from sewer lines?

A

10ft

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80
Q

What is REDM

A

Reflector-less Electromagnetic Distance Measurer

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81
Q

What is Rectified Photography?

A

Digital image capture where the focal plane of the camera is set parallel to a facade to generate a scaled orthographic image

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82
Q

Stereophotogrammetry

A

Two overlapping photographs that make a 3d drawing

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83
Q

Convergent Photogrammetry

A

Photos taken of an object from different angles to generate a 3d scaled image. Slower than laser scanning but more accurate

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84
Q

Where can you find regulations of historic preservation and a listing of historical landmark listings?

A

The Historic Preservation Service of the National Parks Service

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85
Q

Where can rehabilitation standards be found?

A

Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation

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86
Q

What are the 4 historical treatment approaches?

A
  1. Preservation
  2. Rehabilitation
  3. Restoration
  4. Reconstruction
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87
Q

“Attempts to retain historic fabric through conservation, maintenance, and repair”

A

Preservation

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88
Q

“Emphasizes retention and repair of historic materials but gives latitude to replacement due to deterioration”

A

Rehabilitation

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89
Q

“Focuses on retention of materials from the most significant time in a property’s history, while permitting removal of materials from other periods”

A

Restoration

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90
Q

“Allows the opportunity to recreate a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, etc”

A

Reconstruction

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91
Q

What is the name of the regulatory requirements for rehabilitation and associated tax credits?

A

Federal Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program

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92
Q

How to protect and maintain historic masonry

A

Ensure proper drainage from joints and cavities. Clean with low pressure water and gentle detergents

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93
Q

How to repair historic masonry

A

Hand rake joints and repoint. Avoid mortars with high Portland cement content

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94
Q

How to replace historic masonry

A

Reproduce the existing physical features or use a compatible substitute

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95
Q

What are the steps to treat historic masonry per the Historic Preservation Service of the National Parks Service? (5)

A
  1. Protect & Maintain
  2. Repair
  3. Replace
  4. Remove Features from Other Periods
  5. Recreate Missing Features
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96
Q

What are the 5 steps to programming?

A
  1. Establish Goals
  2. Collect Facts
  3. Uncover Concepts
  4. Determine Needs
  5. State the Problem
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97
Q

Four major considerations during programming

A
  1. Function
  2. Form
  3. Economy
  4. Time
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98
Q

How many SF does a student need?

A

15-20 sf

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99
Q

How many SF does an office worker need?

A

100-250 sf

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100
Q

Benchmarking

A

Establishing common standards for rooms, spaces, and activities based on the measurement of similar facilities

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101
Q

What makes up the gross building area?

A

Net assignable area + unassigned area

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102
Q

Efficiency Ratio

A

Net Area : Gross Area

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103
Q

How to calculate gross area based on net area and efficiency ratio?

A

Net area / efficiency ratio

Ex; 100,000 SF / 80% = 125,000 Gross SF

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104
Q

Per BOMA Z65.1, where is the exterior wall measured?

A

If 50% glass or more, to the inside face of glass. If less than 50%, to the inside face of exterior

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105
Q

How to calculate amount of space needed to lease given the net assignable required, efficiency factor, and load factor?

A

(Net assignable / efficiency) * load factor
Or
Gross * Load

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106
Q

Per AIA, what happens if the final design comes in over budget?

A

The architect may be required to redesign the project to be within budget, for no additional compensation

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107
Q

What is assembly method budgeting?

A

Creating a budget based on subsystems like wall finishes, plumbing, roof systems, etc to determine where the bulk of cost lies

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108
Q

What makes a property ‘underdeveloped’?

A

Not being used and developed in a way that yields the highest return on investment.

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109
Q

What are the 3 ways that land value is calculated?

A
  1. Market Approach (similar properties)
  2. Income Approach (income potential)
  3. Cost Approach (cost of land and development)
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110
Q

What is a ‘mill levy’?

A

Property tax amount charged per $1,000 value.

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111
Q

General Tax

A

any tax imposed for general governmental purposes. Typically used for maintenance of government property.

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112
Q

Ad Valorem Tax

A

Tax based on the value of property.

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113
Q

Special Sales Tax

A

imposed for a specific purpose e.g. major transportation project.

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114
Q

General Obligations Bond

A

Amount backed by an increased tax to finance the acquisition or construction of a public facility (school, library, etc.) Taxes are increased to cover the bond usually for a period of 10-30 years. Requires voter majority.

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115
Q

Revenue Bond

A

(aka rate-supported bond) Amount is backed by rate increases of the consumer. Typical for city utility projects i.e. your water bill may increase to cover the cost of building a new treatment plant.

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116
Q

Public Enterprise Revenue Bond

A

Bonds issued by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue-producing projects. Airport, parking garage, and hospitals typically use this model.

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117
Q

Tax-Increment Financing

A

Imposing a tax to improve local infrastructure that in turn increases property value. This may be adding a gas line service to a neighborhood or moving electrical wires underground. Does not need to go to public vote because it benefits the property owners.

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118
Q

Subdivision exaction

A

Requires developers to dedicate some land for public use.

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119
Q

Blanket Mortgage

A

Used to purchase a large piece of land that is to be later subdivided and sold as individual parcels. Each parcel amount is retired from the mortgage once it sells.

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120
Q

Bridge Loan

A

quick financing to purchase property before longer-term financing can be set up.

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121
Q

Construction Loan

A

In effect for the duration of construction until it is converted to a long-term loan and repayment begins.

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122
Q

Hard Money Loan

A

for distressed financial situations such as foreclosure, bankruptcy, nonpayment, etc. Sale value is typically less than market value and interest rates are high.

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123
Q

Mezzanine Loan

A

Secured by collateral in stock of a development. Used by developers for large projects.

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124
Q

Pro Forma Statement

A

Statement or model of expected expenses to determine if a project is likely to be financially successful.

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125
Q

What 4 factors determine the time needed to complete a project design?

A
  1. Size & complexity
  2. Number of designers
  3. Design methodologies
  4. Client decision-making process
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126
Q

VAV System

A

Variable Air Volume System. Allows for flexibility during the life of the building and different requirements for various tenants.

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127
Q

What kind of AC system should be used if cooling load is less than 25 tons?

A

Direct expansion units or heat pumps.

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128
Q

What are the 3 primary determinants for structural systems?

A
  1. occupancy
  2. program
  3. resistance to applied loads
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129
Q

Review Definitions in Ballast 10-37!

A

Read!

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130
Q

What is the maximum depth of a space that is using side lighting?

A

30’

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131
Q

What is soil liquification? 2 meanings

A
  1. soils near bodies of water that become supersaturated and begin to behave like water.
  2. Soils that act like water when the ground is vibrated (earthquake)
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132
Q

What is an area of land that channels surface water to given locations?

A

Watershed

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133
Q

What organization’s standards are required to be followed for an Environmental Site Assessment Report?

A

ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials

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134
Q

How do mezzanines relate to the story below?

A

they are considered a part of the story below so it must be open to the lower story and 1/3 of the size, max.

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135
Q
A
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136
Q

One way structural system

A

Loads transmitted in one direction at a time

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137
Q

What is the typical maximum span for wood construction?

138
Q

Pros of using glulam?

A

Strength, span, appearance, and versatility

139
Q

Study structural diagrams in Ballast page 11-3!

140
Q

Flat Plate Construction

A

Flat concrete slab on columns. No girders or joists. Light loads only.

141
Q

1-Way Pan Joist System

A

Aka concrete joist system. One-way system of concrete joists that transfer load into larger beams. Spans range between 20-30ft

142
Q

What are the 3 main concrete 2-way systems?

A

Flat plate, flat slab, and waffle slab

143
Q

What is the difference between concrete flat slab and flat plate construction?

A

Flat plate has uniform columns and is meant for light loads. Flat slab incorporates column capitals (typical cone or pyramid shape) to handle increased loads. Both are great for maximizing ceiling height to the underside of floor slab

144
Q

What is concrete camber?

A

The upward curvature to a precast member caused by prestressing forces.

145
Q

CMU slenderness ratio

A

Ratio of wall thickness to unsupported height to indicate resistance to buckling under compressive load

146
Q

What can be used to allow for movement between exterior facing and structural frame?

A

Clip angles with slotted holes, slip joints, and flex sealant

147
Q

Pre-Engineered Rigid Steel Frame

A

System designed to span the full width of a building to eliminate the need for interior columns.

148
Q

Another word for horizontal structural reaction

149
Q

Hinged arch

A

Most efficient arch shape that requires fixed supports at base to resist thrust. It will sometimes have a hinge support at the apex making it a three-hinge arch

150
Q

Thin-shell structure

A

Curved surfaces that resist loads through tension, compression, and shear along the shell plane. Typically made of reinforced concrete

151
Q

What makes heavy timber highly fire resistant?

A

It is large enough to char and form and crust which protects internal fibers of the wood from flame exposure

152
Q

What is the main disadvantage of suspension structures?

A

Inability to resist wind and other types of non-vertical loading

153
Q

BEES life cycle assessment 10 impacts of building materials

A
  1. GWP
  2. Acidification Potential
  3. Eutrophication Potential
  4. Natural Resource depletion
  5. IAQ impacts
  6. Solid waste impacts
  7. Smog
  8. Ecological toxicity
  9. Human toxicity
  10. Ozone
154
Q

Pros and cons of HDPE piping

A

Most easily recyclable and flexible but has the highest thermal expansion which limits its applicability

155
Q

Pros and cons of PVC

A

Pros: strong, lightweight, low cost, and easy to manufacture.

Cons: bad for environment, vinyl chloride is a carcinogen, increased dioxin in the air.

156
Q

Pros and cons of VCP

A

Pros: resistant to chemical erosion and lowest thermal expansion of any pipe material.

Cons: heavy and expensive to install

157
Q

Pros and cons of RPP

A

Pros: made of recycled plastics

Cons: durability issues

158
Q

Fly Ash

A

Residual byproduct of burning coal. Concrete admixture that reduces energy load. Replacing Portland cement in concrete mixes. It requires less water which makes it resistant to shrinking and cracking

159
Q

Alkaline Dust

A

Harmful dust produced by concrete plants that is harmful for aquatic life

160
Q

Site characterization

A

Performed after some preliminary site planning . It is a Geotechnical analysis of subsurface conditions such as depth to bedrock, depth to ground water, seasonal water tables, and soil tests

161
Q

Slope analysis

A

Identifies steep slope zones and starts to map out buildable areas, site access, drainage, and views

162
Q

Plant Hardiness Zone Map

A

Provides temperature information for planning purposes

163
Q

What are examples of zoning overlays?

A

Steep slope restriction, watershed protection, historic preservation, and aquifer protection.

164
Q

What is CERCLA

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act. Holds land owners liable for environmental conditions of a site. Includes cost of cleanup and remediation as well as damages to third parties.

165
Q

“Innocent Landowner Defense”

A

Financial relief for land owners who can demonstrate that they did not know about adverse environmental conditions.

166
Q

What is a Site Transaction Screen?

A

Preliminary assessment where an environmental professional uses ASTM guideline E-1528 to survey the site.

167
Q

When should a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment be performed?

A
  1. When the buyer is experienced
  2. The site has a previous industrial / hazardous use
  3. If your state requires it
168
Q

Brownfield

A

Abandoned or underutilized site that is environmentally contaminated or perceived as being contaminated from past industrial or commercial activities

169
Q

DEM

A

Department of Environmental Management (established the Connecticut River Valley Action Program)

170
Q

NFPA-101

A

Life safety code

171
Q

What should be included in a code analysis? (9)

A
  1. Site plan
  2. floor plan
  3. occupancy classification
  4. location of building on property
  5. building height & area
  6. construction type
  7. Exit locations and quantities
  8. Egress widths
  9. Exit discharge to public way
172
Q

7 points of building classifications

A
  1. Occupancy
  2. Sprinkler Systems
  3. Construction type
  4. Allowable floor area
  5. Height and number of stories
  6. Location on property
  7. Means of egress
173
Q

What are the 10 occupancy groups?

A

(A) Assembly
(B) Business
(E) Educational
(F) Factory / Industrial
(H) High Hazard
(I) Institutional
(M) Mercantile
(R) Residential
(S) Storage
(U) Utility and Misc

174
Q

Group A-1

A

Assembly with fixed seating and low lights

175
Q

Group A-2

A

Assemblies serving alcohol with loose seating that may obstruct egress pathways. This shall include the kitchen areas

176
Q

Group A-3

A

Assemblies that do not fit into A-1 or A-2 such as places of worship.

177
Q

Group A-4

A

Assemblies for indoor sporting events

178
Q

Group A-5

A

Assemblies for outdoor sporting events

179
Q

What occupancy group would fit for junior colleges, universities, and continuing education beyond 12th grade?

180
Q

What occupancy group would fit an ambulatory care facility?

181
Q

Criteria for Group E Occupancy

A

6 or more people for :
- classes up to 12th grade
- day care for children over 2.5

182
Q

Occupancy type for daycare with less than 6 children in a dwelling

183
Q

Group F-1

A

Moderate hazard factory / industrial use

184
Q

Group F-2

A

Low hazard factory / industrial use. Materials of manufacture to be non combustible

185
Q

Occupancy group for commercial kitchen with no service that is under 2,500 sf

186
Q

Group I-1

A

More than 16 people living under 24 hour supervision & custodial care. In cases where occupants cannot evacuate on their own, additional smoke barriers and sprinkler systems may be required

187
Q

Group I-2

A

More than 5 people living under 24 hour medical supervision and are incapable of unassisted self preservation

188
Q

Group I-3

A

Prisons, detention centers, and mental hospitals

189
Q

Group I-4

A

Adult and child day cares of more than 5 people

190
Q

Group R-1

A

Transient living such as hotels or boarding facilities

191
Q

Group R-2

A

Permanent dwelling with more than 2 units. Includes apartments and dorms

192
Q

Group R-3

A

Single family homes, duplexes, care facilities of 5 or less

193
Q

Group R-4

A

Assisted living of 5-16 occupants

194
Q

What are the two Group S categories?

A

S-1 Moderate Hazard
S-2 Low Hazard

195
Q

What building height triggers the requirement for fire service elevator lobbies?

196
Q

Where is the boundary for calculating gross building area, typically?

A

Exterior face of exterior wall

197
Q

What defines a story to be “a story above grade plane”?

A

Level above is 6’ above grade or if it is more than 12’ above grade at any point

198
Q

Where is building height measured to?

A

From average grade to average height of roof surface

199
Q

What is the area rule for mezzanines?

A

1/3 of the floor area of the space where the mezzanine is located

200
Q

How are construction types labeled?

A

Type I (most fire-resistive) to Type V (least fire-resistive) and types A &B. A is more protected and B is less protected.

201
Q

What determines the construction type for a building?

A

Occupancy type, desired building height, and area.

202
Q

What construction type fits this description: a building with noncombustible, protected elements. (2)

A

Type I-A or Type II-A.

203
Q

What construction type fits this description: a heavy timber building with less protected elements.

204
Q

What construction type fits this description: a building made up of any material with unprotected elements.

205
Q

What types of materials can Type III construction be made of?

A

Combustible mixed systems.

206
Q

What types of materials can Type IV construction be made of?

A

Heavy Timber

207
Q

What types of materials can Type V construction be made of?

A

Any Material

208
Q

What types of materials can Type I and II be made of?

A

Non combustible

209
Q

What types of materials are considered noncombustible?

A

Masonry, Concrete, Steel

210
Q

What does “restrained” mean in terms of fire resistance?

A

Ability of structural members to expand or contract under fire conditions

211
Q

What rating must combustible projections meet when they are within 5’ of the lot line?

212
Q

What distance must buildings be separated so that the exterior wall does not need to be rated from both sides?

A

Greater than 10’

213
Q

How to determine number of openings allowable given relationship between protected and unprotected?

A

Ap/ap + Au/au </= 1.0

214
Q

CPTED max planting height recommendation

A

24” in security surveillance areas

215
Q

How to convert lux to foot candles

216
Q

Point Illumination Method

A

E=Icos()/d^2

E - illumination on surface (fc)
L - lamp intensity (lumens)
() - angle between fixture and point
D - distance between fixture and point

217
Q

Average Illumination Method

A

F= luM/LM

F - avg illumination (fc)
L - lamp intensity (lumens)
U - coefficient of utilization
M - maintenance factor
L - horizontal distance btwn fixtures
W - width of area illuminated

218
Q

What is the maintenance factor of a light source?

A

Efficacy of lamp over operating life. 50% is a good rule of thumb

219
Q

What type of brick should be selected for freezing climates, NX,MX, or SX?

220
Q

What is required to be issued a general permit?

A

Notice of Intent (NOI)

221
Q

What is soil cohesion?

A

Measure of how soil particles stick together

222
Q

Is high plasticity good or bad for building on?

223
Q

Are mezzanines included in building area?

A

No, but it is included in fire area

224
Q

Are type III exterior walls combustible or non combustible?

A

Non combustible

225
Q

What is the minimum egress width?

226
Q

Calculate gross building area based on net area and efficiency factor

A

(Net x EF) + Net

227
Q

What describes a formal landscape?

A

Strong geometric forms and focal elements such as statues or fountains

228
Q

What is the principal benefit of using a DOAS system (dedicated outdoor air system)?

A

Supply air is comprised of 100% fresh outside air

229
Q

How far should shrubs be spaced to protect from fire spread?

230
Q

True or false, FAR does not take into account setbacks

231
Q

What is the span limit for a two way flat slab?

232
Q

What are the main elements that determine max building height (3)?

A

Construction type zoning regulations, occupancy group

233
Q

What elements are included in a boundary survey?

A

Easements and rights of way

234
Q

What kind of survey shows the locations and characteristics of utilities?

A

Topographic survey

235
Q

What is the angle of the sun in relation to the horizon line?

236
Q

What is the angle of the sun in relation to true north?

237
Q

What “treatment for historic buildings” is described by an addition?

A

Rehabilitation

238
Q

Other than the FCC, where are two way communication systems required?

A

Elevator lobbies that are in the egress route

239
Q

What does a phase 1 survey identify?

A

Soil contaminants

240
Q

What does the study of physiography incldue?

A

topography, surface conditions, slope

241
Q

What is the threshold for when a sloped walk becomes a ramp?

A

1:20 or 5%

242
Q

What is the max ADA cross slope

A

1:48 or about 2%

243
Q

What kind of soil typically makes up an aquifer?

A

sand, grave, fractured rock, limestone, karst.

244
Q

What is an acre-foot?

A

the volume of water covering 1 acre at 1 foot depth

245
Q

How to mitigate wind damage?

A

Design hip roofs, avoid overhangs, and use tie downs / hurricane anchors

246
Q

What design decisions can increase risk of landslide?

A

Hill cuts, deep root removal, irrigation saturation, impacting soil balance

247
Q

What are the 3 kinds of ground motion in an earthquake?

A

P Waves (Pulverizing)
S Waves (Shifting)
Surface Waves (Rolling

248
Q

What scale is used to measure magnitude / strength of earth quake?

A

Richter Scale

249
Q

What scale is used to measure the intensity / damage potential of an earthquake?

A

Mercalli Scale

250
Q

What are the 6 elements of transit-oriented development?

A
  1. close to transit
  2. mix uses
  3. mix housing types
  4. mix housing prices
  5. optimize density
  6. reduce parking requirements
251
Q

What is a Noli Map?

A

Inverse of a figure ground to show perceived public space

252
Q

What is the minimum width for an ‘attached’ sidewalk?

253
Q

What is the vertical distance allowable between landings at an exterior stair?

254
Q

What kind of brick is resistant to frost/freeze and thaw?

255
Q

What kind of brick should be used at well-drained / dry areas?

256
Q

What size must the aisle adjacent to an ADA parking space be?

A

5’ x 20’

257
Q

Define liquid limit

A

Moisture content at which soil can flow and not retain its shape

258
Q

Define Plastic limit

A

Moisture content at which soil deforms plastically (cracks)

259
Q

What is the plasticity index?

A

Numerical difference between plastic and liquid limits resulting in a range of moisture content in which a soil behaves plastically.

260
Q

What does a plasticity index of 15 indicate?

A

Soil is expansive and is bad for foundations

261
Q

What are the 2 downsides of using flyash in concrete?

A

setting time is longer & it does not acid wash or dye as easily has higher PC concrete

262
Q

What are the 3 positives of using flyash in concrete?

A

better for the environment, stronger than portland cement, less water is required in the mix which reduces the risk of cracking / shrinking

263
Q

What do the variables mean in the following Area Modification Equation (5-2)?

Aa = [At + (NS x If)] * Sa

A

Aa = allowable area
At = area factor from table
NS = area factor for non-sprinklered building from table
If = area increase factor due to frontage
Sa = Area increase factor due to sprinklered protection

264
Q

What do the variables mean in the following equation for finding If (increase factor due to frontage)?

If = [F/P - 0.25] * W / 30

A

If = increase factor due to frontage
F = Sum of building perimeter that fronts on public way
P = Perimeter of entire building
W = average width of public way facing building

265
Q

What is the equation for Efficiency Factor (E)?

A

E = NSF / GSF

Efficiency = Net SF / Gross SF

266
Q

How to calculate Tare Area?

A

Gross Area - Net Assignable Area

(tare area will include unassigned area)

267
Q

What is building commissioning?

A

Verification that systems and assemblies function and are in compliance with the OPR, BOD, and contract documents

268
Q

Gross Area

A

Floor area measured to exterior face of wall

269
Q

Rentable Area

A

Tenant floor area measure to inside face of wall - includes all building core & services that serve tenant space. Excludes major shafts & penetrations i.e. elevator shafts & stairs.

270
Q

Net Area

A

Floor area that excludes exterior walls, building core, services, and circulation.

271
Q

Equation for Overall Building Efficiency

A

Gross = Net Assignable / E(O)

*expressed as percentage

272
Q

Equation for Base Building Efficiency

A

Gross = Usable / E(B)

*expressed as percentage

273
Q

Equation for Interior Layout Efficiency

A

Usable = Rentable / E(L)

*expressed as percentage

274
Q

Equation for R/U Ratio

A

Usable = Rentable / RU

*expressed as multiplier

275
Q

What is the max slope of a mowed slope?

276
Q

What is a reverse bench?

A

A reverse cut into a slope to divert runoff. Typically at a 5:1 slope and on slopes that are vertically greater than 15’. Must be wide enough for maintenance vehicles

277
Q

What differentiates a vertical timber retaining wall from a horizontal one?

A

Vertical timber walls are submerged 1/2 H by dirt on the downslope

278
Q

Where must exterior walls be rated from when the building face is greater than 10’ from the property line?

A

From inside only

279
Q

Where must exterior walls be rated from when the building face is less than or equal to 10’ from the property line?

A

Both sides

280
Q

How far into egress path may a door swing protrude?

281
Q

How many exits are required from a level with more than 1,000 occupants?

282
Q

How far apart must 2 exits from the same space be?

A

1/2 of the longest diagonal measurement of the space

283
Q

What is the minimum clear width of an egress door?

284
Q

What is minimum egress width of a hallway or stair?

285
Q

How far can the centerline of the stair be from a handrail before it is no longer considered part of the egress width?

286
Q

How high must a window sill be from finish floor when it is more than 72’ above finish grade?

287
Q

What is a Nonpoint Source Pollutant (NPS)?

A

Bacteria, oil, grease, metals, etc that do not originate from a single pipe or discharge point

288
Q

Peak runoff equation

A

Q=CiA

Q - peak discharge in cfs
C - runoff coefficient
i - rainfall intensity
A - area of basin

289
Q

Why are swales useful in stormwater management?

A

Encourages infiltration, filters the water by having many surfaces for deposition, and they reduce the velocity of the water

290
Q

What is a dry well?

A

A small excavated pit with infiltration aggregate. Used to manage runoff from small areas like roofs

291
Q

What is groundwater recharge?

A

Opportunities for stormwater runoff to infiltrate back into the ground. It is important for this water to be filtered so that contaminants do not leach into the ground water

292
Q

Define ecotone

A

the transition strip between two different types of landscapes

293
Q

How is soil sampling planned?

A

Using aerial photography, USGS, or site maps

294
Q

How deep should soil be characterized to support new plant life?

295
Q

What is a stream buffer?

A

a buffer zone of undeveloped land between a stream and a development. meant to ease and treat runoff naturally.

296
Q

What is stream degradation?

A

Stream’s inability to handle its load causing it to become more shallow or scour the bottom to become deeper.

297
Q

What is stream aggradation?

A

Stream carrying too much bed load causing it to speed up and widen

298
Q

Rehabilitation

A

building is being converted to a use other than historical function

299
Q

Reconstruction

A

Rebuilding lost structure based on historical documentation

300
Q

Preservation

A

Most historically accurate approach and maintains modifications made over time.

301
Q

Restoration

A

Focuses on the most important time in the life of the structure. Modifications made after this can be removed.

302
Q

What entity typically governs the number of parking and loading spaces required?

A

Zoning regulations

303
Q

What types of maximums does building code require based on occupancy type?

A

construction type, max building are, max height, and max number of stories

304
Q

True / False - zoning ordinances govern what kinds of exterior materials may be used

A

False, these restrictions are governed by covenants.

305
Q

What is a proctor test?

A

determines the optimum compaction of site fill based on density and optimum moisture content.

306
Q

What is incentive zoning and what information does it include?

A

Encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for the opportunity to build taller or larger structure on site. Includes base FAR, Bonus Ratio, and Specific plan for Development.

307
Q

What are the incentives of the Brownfield Revitalization Act?

A

Prospective purchaser defense & the contiguous property owners exemption

308
Q

Solidification (or Vitrification)

A

Removal of water and chemically changing the the soil media to mitigate contaminents

309
Q

Soil Vapor Extraction

A

Removal of VOCs from soil

310
Q

Bioremediation

A

Use of microorganisms to degrade organic compounds in soil

311
Q

Air Sparging

A

Air injections into ground to flush VOCs

312
Q

Challenges with capped sites

A

need to create lined trench for utilities, restricts deep root plantings, and makes storm water management difficult

313
Q

Node

A

a public space that serves as a symbol of a neighborhood or city (i.e. boston public garden)

314
Q

True / False - Membrane roofs have a longer lifespan than vegetated roofs

A

False - vegetated roofs have a longer lifespan.

315
Q

What entity is responsible for designing and maintaining a city’s roadway drainage?

A

Public works department

316
Q

Imageability

A

the study of how a proposed building relates to the surrounding context.

317
Q

What is the most efficient parking layout design?

A

90 degree parking on 2 sides of a drive aisle.

318
Q

What is the optimum tilt angle for a solar array in the northern hemisphere?

A

Equal to the building’s latitude.

319
Q

What levels of albedo and conductivity helps moderate the microclimate of a site?

A

Low albedo and high conductivity

320
Q

What is the max slope of a grass recreational area?

321
Q

What is CERCLA aka Superfund?

A

mandates the cleanup of contaminated sites

322
Q

Who could be held liable for remediation of contaminated sites under CERCLA? (5)

A
  1. Current Owners
  2. Currnet Operators
  3. Owner when haz mats were disposed of
  4. Generators of haz mats
  5. Transporters of haz mats
323
Q

What are the (3) defenses against CERLCA claims?

A
  1. Acts of God or War
  2. Claim of minimal involvement
  3. Innocent landowners defense
324
Q

What are the (4) components of a Phase I investigation?

A
  1. Review of existing records
  2. Interviews with knowledgable persons
  3. Site reconnaissance
  4. Report that summarizes findings
325
Q

What happens in a Phase II Site Assessment?

A
  1. Samples collected
  2. Identify extent of contamination suspected in Phase I
326
Q

What are the reprocussions of a non-compliant phase II assessment? (2 possible)

A

You either bear the burden of paying for further remediation or the property is devalued.

327
Q

What is a reopener?

A

Reopening of site contamination case due to fraud, endangerment, failed action, or use/maintenance commitments are not met.

329
Q

What 3 resources will tell you how many accessible parking stalls are required?

A

IBC, ADA, and Local Zoning Code

330
Q

True or false, construction type has no bearing on the number of required exits.

331
Q

What type of elevator system is better for the environment and faster?

A

Geared Traction

332
Q

Fan coil unit

A

System that can be supplied with fluids to avoid the need for ductwork

333
Q

What is the turn radius of a large motor home?

A

50’-0”

334
Q

What information is shown in a survey from the Natural Resourced Conservation Service? (4)

A
  1. Soil characteristics
  2. Soil Erodibility
  3. Drainage Patterns
  4. Topography
335
Q

What is the maximum % slope for a parking lot?

336
Q

What does a conservation easement show?

A

What areas of land will not be developed

337
Q

What must be constructed between two different construction types?

338
Q

How to calculate FAR when given building area and site area

A

Building area / site area

339
Q

How many square feet are in an acre?

340
Q

What kind of soil remediation is used to pull VOCs from the ground?

A

Soil vapor extraction

341
Q

Eminent Domain

A

The government’s legal right to take private property in return for fair compensation

ARE 5.0 (10 decks)

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