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Programming & Analysis 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What considerations should be taken prior to starting Design?

A
  • urban development and its effects on social behavior
  • Community influence
  • Psychological and social influences
  • Transportation and utility influences
  • basic climate
  • sustainability
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2
Q

Basic components of a Greek city.

A

Wall, Market place, religious components

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3
Q

Basic components of a medieval city.

A

irregular development from a cross road, religious focus, wall

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4
Q

Two key baroque city planners

A

Christopher Wren - London

George Eugene-Haussman Paris

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5
Q

Who conceptualized the Garden city?

A

Ebenezer Howard - 1898 (London). Reaction to the industrial Revolution

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6
Q

Who designed Central Park?

A

Fredrick Law Olmstead

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7
Q

What two architects from the 1920’s and 30’ thought of cities as wide open spaces

A

Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright

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8
Q

New Urbanism

A

Promotes the connection of neighborhoods and towns to regional patterns of pedestrian, bike, and public transit system to reduce car use.

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9
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

de-centralization of city center with large highways connecting shopping areas.

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10
Q

Five major types of development patterns

A
  • grid
  • star
  • field
  • satelite
  • megaloplis
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11
Q

Star Pattern

A

Grows from a dense urban core with radiating spokes. Chicago is a half star pattern

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12
Q

Field Pattern

A

No central focus or overall organization scheme. Development takes place as an amorphous network or highways and natural features. Los Angeles is a key example

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13
Q

Imageability

A

The quality of a physical environment

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14
Q

The Image of the City

A

Book by Kevin Lynch identifies characteristics of the city.

  • Path
  • Edge
  • District
  • Node
  • Landmark
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15
Q

Path

A

A path is a way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. A path may be a street, pedestrian walkway, railroad, transit line, or river. Paths are usually at the center of the image of a city.

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16
Q

Edge

A

A linear element that forms a boundary between two districts or that breaks continuity. Edges can be shorelines, buildings, walls, etc. The buildings around central park are an edge

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17
Q

District

A

A 2D area perceived as having some indentifying character that distinguishes it from the surrounding city. Back Bay (Boston) Geortown (Washington, DC).

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18
Q

Node

A

A focal point or center of interest that people can enter. A node can be an intersection of path, places where transportation changes, a plaza, or the center of a district.

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19
Q

Landmark

A

Similar to a node but can’t be entered.

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20
Q

Superblock

A
  • An outgrowth of the New Town concept
  • Concept is to minimize the impact of the car on housing and allow the development of pedestrian circulation and park space.
  • Chandigarh, India (Le Corbusier) and Brasilia (Costa and Niemeyer)
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21
Q

Planned Unit Development

A

PUD. Similar to the concept of a superblock. Standards for PUDs include permitted uses, total FAR, amount of open space required, number and configuration of parking, living space ratio, max building heights, and required setbacks at the perimeter.

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22
Q

Transit-oriented development

A

Method of connection urban sprawls with each other and city centers.

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23
Q

Five Patterns of Urban Development

A
  • grid
  • star
  • field
  • satelite
  • megalopolis
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24
Q

Proxemics

A

the interrelated observations and theories of man’s use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. (Personal space and spacing + territoriality)

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25
territoriatlity
A fundamental aspect of human behavior that refers to the need to lay claim to the space we occupy and the things we own.
26
Personalization
How people arrange the environment to reflect their presence.
27
What are the 4 major street types? (Smallest to Biggest)
Local Streets Collector Streets Arterial Streets Expressways
28
Site Access Importance
Min 150' from an intersection Min 80 degree entrance Avoid slight off set Avoid two way y-intersections
29
What is the minimum distance between curves in opposite directions?
100'
30
What is the minimum distance between curves in the same direction?
200'
31
What is a straight portion of road called?
Tangent
32
For most streets what is the maximum grade range?
3 - 10%
33
Name 5 major concepts that influence site design
``` Public Transit Service Access Utilities Municipal Services Climatic Influences Wind Patterns Solar Orientation ```
34
How much tree depth does it take to reduce wind velocity?
50 - 150'
35
Albedo
The amount of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected and is expressed as a number from zero to 1. To help reduce heat island effect you want a low albedo and high conductivity
36
What portions of a site are unsuitable for building?
- Wetlands and areas within 100' of wetlands - Elevations lower than 5' below a 100 year flood plane - Habitats containing endangered species - Potential historical sites (burial grounds) - prime farmland
37
Sustainable Design Site and building concepts
- Building Location - Building size, shape, and design - Site Disturbance - Site Development
38
What is the primary model code?
IBC - International Building Code that is published every 3 years by the ICC
39
Zoning requirements typically regulate which three aspects of a site?
- Setback from property lines - Minimum Green Spaces - Loading spaces and parking
40
Gypsum wallboard must meet which standard?
ASTM C1396
41
ASTM E84
Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristic of Building Materials.
42
Zoning
Zoning is the division of a city or other area into districts in order to regulate the use of land and the location and size of buildings within those districts.
43
When and where was the first zoning ordinance passed?
New York City; 1916
44
Zoning Primarily regulates
- What a parcel of land may be used for - How much of the land can be covered with buildings - size of building/structure - setbacks - parking and loading space
45
Easements
The right to use another's land for a specific purpose. It is a legal instrument and usually is recorded
46
Utility Easements
Allows a utility company to enter a property to install and maintain utility lines.
47
Access Easements
Used when a parcel of land is not served by a public road.
48
Support Easments
Common structural party walls
49
Joint Use Easements
Allows two or more properties to share a common feature. ie driveway
50
Scenic Easements
Protect views and development in scenic areas
51
Conservation Easements
Limit land us in large areas.
52
Right of Way
The legal right of one party or the public to traverse land belonging to another
53
3 Types of Deed Restrictions
- Restrictive Covenant - Affirmative Covenant - Conditional Covenant
54
Restrictive Covenant
Restricts the use of the property by the buyer
55
Affirmative Covenant
Requires the buyer to perform a specific duty in the future.
56
Conditional Covenant
Permits the title to the property to revert to the original owner if the restrictions prescribed in the deed are not followed.
57
Slope and Contour Formula Variables
d = vertical distance between contours (ft) G = slope of land (%) L = horizontal distance b/t contours (ft)
58
Solar Orientation influences what 3 aspects of site planning?
- The orientation of the building to control solar heat gain - the location of outdoor spaces and activities - the location of building entries
59
In the Northern Hemisphere what is the best overall orientation for a building?
5 - 25 degrees east of south
60
What are the 4 broad Climatic Regions of the US?
- Cool Region - Temperate Region - Hot Humid Region - Hot Arid Region
61
Design Strategies for Cold Climates
- Minimize exposed surface areas - Limit northern exposure - Cubical buildings partially underground - mechanical and active solar heating needed - large south facing windows with no north windows - small east west windows - interior materials with a high thermal mass - summer shading for glazing - dark colors for the exterior
62
Design Strategies for Temperate Climates
- Minimize North facing glazing - Maximize southern glazing but shade for summer - Rectangular Buildings with a long east west axis - nighttime ventilation for hot air - medium exterior colors
63
Design Strategies for Hot-Humid Climates
- Maximize natural ventilation - Building materials with minimal thermal mass - Provide shade for all openings - Large openings, tall ceilings, cross ventilation - light colors for exterior
64
Design Strategies for Hot-Arid Climates
- shade from direct sunlight - materials with high thermal mass - compact form - minimize openings - shade all openings - light colors for exterior
65
Strategies for Passive Solar Heating
- long axis in e/w direction - south collection surfaces within 15 deg. of true south - Thermal mass as design element - Plant deciduous trees
66
Strategies for Natural Cooling
- Shading - Minimize glazing on east and west face - use water elements for evaporative cooling - use light colored or reflective material to minimze radiant heat gain - limit use of paving - locate building to take advantage of prevailing wind
67
Strategies for Active Solar
- Active solar collection can be an adverse visual statement - hide them - Position solar collectors so that they're not in shade - Position solar collectors so that they don't reflect on other buildings
68
Metes and Bounds
Common method for measuring and subdividing land
69
Acre
43,560 sq. ft
70
topography
Describes surface features of land
71
How is a ridge represented in a topo map?
Contour lines point in the directions of a downslope.
72
How is a valley or swale represented in a topo map?
Contour lines point in the directions of an upslope.
73
Why should you minimize site grading?
- Site work is expensive - Excavating and building on steep slopes is expensive - Excessive modifications of the land effects drainage patterns - large elevation changes need retaining walls - vegetation damage
74
Water Table
The underground level below which the soil is saturated with water
75
Silt Fence
A temporary fence designed to allow water to pass while collecting sediment
76
Soil
The pulverized upper layer of the earth
77
Soil Classifications
gravel: particles over 2mm sand: particles from .05 - 2mm Silt: particles from .002-.05mm Clay: particles under .002mm
78
Behavior of gravel and sand
Excellent for construction, drainage, sewage fields. Unsuitable for landscaping
79
Behavior of Silt
Silt is stable when dry but unstable when wet. It swells and heaves.
80
Behavior of Clay
Clay expands when wet and is subject to slippage. It is poor for foundations unless it is kept dry. Poor for landscaping and drainage.
81
Behavior of Peat/Organic material
Unsuitable for buildings and roads. Great for landscaping!

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