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Construction Documents and Services > Programming & Analysis 7-9 > Flashcards

Programming & Analysis 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What considerations should be taken prior to starting Design?

A
  • urban development and its effects on social behavior
  • Community influence
  • Psychological and social influences
  • Transportation and utility influences
  • basic climate
  • sustainability
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2
Q

Basic components of a Greek city.

A

Wall, Market place, religious components

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3
Q

Basic components of a medieval city.

A

irregular development from a cross road, religious focus, wall

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4
Q

Two key baroque city planners

A

Christopher Wren - London

George Eugene-Haussman Paris

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5
Q

Who conceptualized the Garden city?

A

Ebenezer Howard - 1898 (London). Reaction to the industrial Revolution

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6
Q

Who designed Central Park?

A

Fredrick Law Olmstead

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7
Q

What two architects from the 1920’s and 30’ thought of cities as wide open spaces

A

Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright

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8
Q

New Urbanism

A

Promotes the connection of neighborhoods and towns to regional patterns of pedestrian, bike, and public transit system to reduce car use.

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9
Q

Urban Sprawl

A

de-centralization of city center with large highways connecting shopping areas.

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10
Q

Five major types of development patterns

A
  • grid
  • star
  • field
  • satelite
  • megaloplis
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11
Q

Star Pattern

A

Grows from a dense urban core with radiating spokes. Chicago is a half star pattern

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12
Q

Field Pattern

A

No central focus or overall organization scheme. Development takes place as an amorphous network or highways and natural features. Los Angeles is a key example

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13
Q

Imageability

A

The quality of a physical environment

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14
Q

The Image of the City

A

Book by Kevin Lynch identifies characteristics of the city.

  • Path
  • Edge
  • District
  • Node
  • Landmark
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15
Q

Path

A

A path is a way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. A path may be a street, pedestrian walkway, railroad, transit line, or river. Paths are usually at the center of the image of a city.

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16
Q

Edge

A

A linear element that forms a boundary between two districts or that breaks continuity. Edges can be shorelines, buildings, walls, etc. The buildings around central park are an edge

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17
Q

District

A

A 2D area perceived as having some indentifying character that distinguishes it from the surrounding city. Back Bay (Boston) Geortown (Washington, DC).

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18
Q

Node

A

A focal point or center of interest that people can enter. A node can be an intersection of path, places where transportation changes, a plaza, or the center of a district.

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19
Q

Landmark

A

Similar to a node but can’t be entered.

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20
Q

Superblock

A
  • An outgrowth of the New Town concept
  • Concept is to minimize the impact of the car on housing and allow the development of pedestrian circulation and park space.
  • Chandigarh, India (Le Corbusier) and Brasilia (Costa and Niemeyer)
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21
Q

Planned Unit Development

A

PUD. Similar to the concept of a superblock. Standards for PUDs include permitted uses, total FAR, amount of open space required, number and configuration of parking, living space ratio, max building heights, and required setbacks at the perimeter.

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22
Q

Transit-oriented development

A

Method of connection urban sprawls with each other and city centers.

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23
Q

Five Patterns of Urban Development

A
  • grid
  • star
  • field
  • satelite
  • megalopolis
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24
Q

Proxemics

A

the interrelated observations and theories of man’s use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. (Personal space and spacing + territoriality)

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25
Q

territoriatlity

A

A fundamental aspect of human behavior that refers to the need to lay claim to the space we occupy and the things we own.

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26
Q

Personalization

A

How people arrange the environment to reflect their presence.

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27
Q

What are the 4 major street types? (Smallest to Biggest)

A

Local Streets
Collector Streets
Arterial Streets
Expressways

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28
Q

Site Access Importance

A

Min 150’ from an intersection
Min 80 degree entrance
Avoid slight off set
Avoid two way y-intersections

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29
Q

What is the minimum distance between curves in opposite directions?

A

100’

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30
Q

What is the minimum distance between curves in the same direction?

A

200’

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31
Q

What is a straight portion of road called?

A

Tangent

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32
Q

For most streets what is the maximum grade range?

A

3 - 10%

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33
Q

Name 5 major concepts that influence site design

A 
Public Transit
Service Access
Utilities 
Municipal Services
Climatic Influences
Wind Patterns
Solar Orientation
34
Q

How much tree depth does it take to reduce wind velocity?

A

50 - 150’

35
Q

Albedo

A

The amount of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected and is expressed as a number from zero to 1. To help reduce heat island effect you want a low albedo and high conductivity

36
Q

What portions of a site are unsuitable for building?

A
  • Wetlands and areas within 100’ of wetlands
  • Elevations lower than 5’ below a 100 year flood plane
  • Habitats containing endangered species
  • Potential historical sites (burial grounds)
  • prime farmland
37
Q

Sustainable Design Site and building concepts

A
  • Building Location
  • Building size, shape, and design
  • Site Disturbance
  • Site Development
38
Q

What is the primary model code?

A

IBC - International Building Code that is published every 3 years by the ICC

39
Q

Zoning requirements typically regulate which three aspects of a site?

A
  • Setback from property lines
  • Minimum Green Spaces
  • Loading spaces and parking
40
Q

Gypsum wallboard must meet which standard?

A

ASTM C1396

41
Q

ASTM E84

A

Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristic of Building Materials.

42
Q

Zoning

A

Zoning is the division of a city or other area into districts in order to regulate the use of land and the location and size of buildings within those districts.

43
Q

When and where was the first zoning ordinance passed?

A

New York City; 1916

44
Q

Zoning Primarily regulates

A
  • What a parcel of land may be used for
  • How much of the land can be covered with buildings
  • size of building/structure
  • setbacks
  • parking and loading space
45
Q

Easements

A

The right to use another’s land for a specific purpose. It is a legal instrument and usually is recorded

46
Q

Utility Easements

A

Allows a utility company to enter a property to install and maintain utility lines.

47
Q

Access Easements

A

Used when a parcel of land is not served by a public road.

48
Q

Support Easments

A

Common structural party walls

49
Q

Joint Use Easements

A

Allows two or more properties to share a common feature. ie driveway

50
Q

Scenic Easements

A

Protect views and development in scenic areas

51
Q

Conservation Easements

A

Limit land us in large areas.

52
Q

Right of Way

A

The legal right of one party or the public to traverse land belonging to another

53
Q

3 Types of Deed Restrictions

A
  • Restrictive Covenant
  • Affirmative Covenant
  • Conditional Covenant
54
Q

Restrictive Covenant

A

Restricts the use of the property by the buyer

55
Q

Affirmative Covenant

A

Requires the buyer to perform a specific duty in the future.

56
Q

Conditional Covenant

A

Permits the title to the property to revert to the original owner if the restrictions prescribed in the deed are not followed.

57
Q

Slope and Contour Formula Variables

A

d = vertical distance between contours (ft)

G = slope of land (%)

L = horizontal distance b/t contours (ft)

58
Q

Solar Orientation influences what 3 aspects of site planning?

A
  • The orientation of the building to control solar heat gain
  • the location of outdoor spaces and activities
  • the location of building entries
59
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere what is the best overall orientation for a building?

A

5 - 25 degrees east of south

60
Q

What are the 4 broad Climatic Regions of the US?

A
  • Cool Region
  • Temperate Region
  • Hot Humid Region
  • Hot Arid Region
61
Q

Design Strategies for Cold Climates

A
  • Minimize exposed surface areas
  • Limit northern exposure
  • Cubical buildings partially underground
  • mechanical and active solar heating needed
  • large south facing windows with no north windows
  • small east west windows
  • interior materials with a high thermal mass
  • summer shading for glazing
  • dark colors for the exterior
62
Q

Design Strategies for Temperate Climates

A
  • Minimize North facing glazing
  • Maximize southern glazing but shade for summer
  • Rectangular Buildings with a long east west axis
  • nighttime ventilation for hot air
  • medium exterior colors
63
Q

Design Strategies for Hot-Humid Climates

A
  • Maximize natural ventilation
  • Building materials with minimal thermal mass
  • Provide shade for all openings
  • Large openings, tall ceilings, cross ventilation
  • light colors for exterior
64
Q

Design Strategies for Hot-Arid Climates

A
  • shade from direct sunlight
  • materials with high thermal mass
  • compact form
  • minimize openings
  • shade all openings
  • light colors for exterior
65
Q

Strategies for Passive Solar Heating

A
  • long axis in e/w direction
  • south collection surfaces within 15 deg. of true south
  • Thermal mass as design element
  • Plant deciduous trees
66
Q

Strategies for Natural Cooling

A
  • Shading
  • Minimize glazing on east and west face
  • use water elements for evaporative cooling
  • use light colored or reflective material to minimze radiant heat gain
  • limit use of paving
  • locate building to take advantage of prevailing wind
67
Q

Strategies for Active Solar

A
  • Active solar collection can be an adverse visual statement - hide them
  • Position solar collectors so that they’re not in shade
  • Position solar collectors so that they don’t reflect on other buildings
68
Q

Metes and Bounds

A

Common method for measuring and subdividing land

69
Q

Acre

A

43,560 sq. ft

70
Q

topography

A

Describes surface features of land

71
Q

How is a ridge represented in a topo map?

A

Contour lines point in the directions of a downslope.

72
Q

How is a valley or swale represented in a topo map?

A

Contour lines point in the directions of an upslope.

73
Q

Why should you minimize site grading?

A
  • Site work is expensive
  • Excavating and building on steep slopes is expensive
  • Excessive modifications of the land effects drainage patterns
  • large elevation changes need retaining walls
  • vegetation damage
74
Q

Water Table

A

The underground level below which the soil is saturated with water

75
Q

Silt Fence

A

A temporary fence designed to allow water to pass while collecting sediment

76
Q

Soil

A

The pulverized upper layer of the earth

77
Q

Soil Classifications

A

gravel: particles over 2mm
sand: particles from .05 - 2mm

Silt: particles from .002-.05mm

Clay: particles under .002mm

78
Q

Behavior of gravel and sand

A

Excellent for construction, drainage, sewage fields. Unsuitable for landscaping

79
Q

Behavior of Silt

A

Silt is stable when dry but unstable when wet. It swells and heaves.

80
Q

Behavior of Clay

A

Clay expands when wet and is subject to slippage. It is poor for foundations unless it is kept dry. Poor for landscaping and drainage.

81
Q

Behavior of Peat/Organic material

A

Unsuitable for buildings and roads. Great for landscaping!

Construction Documents and Services (6 decks)

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