Profiling Flashcards
what is profiling
- collection of related techniques
-> psych profiling
-> criminal personality profiling
-> criminal behavior profiling
-> invetigative profiling
-> criminal invetigative analysis
what is the goal of profiling?
describe perpetrator to narrow investigative field
what are the sources of info?
- autopsy results
- victim verbal reports
- examination of crime scenes/photos
-> psych profiling only = test and interview data
what does criminal profiling rely on?
intuition
when was criminal profiling first used?
- US intelligence during WW2
- predict military behavior of known enemy officers
- resurrected by FBI in 70’s
what could we do with the WW2 strategy?
case-linkage analysis
-> psych, historical, behavioral features of criminal
what is the best use of criminal profiling?
- direct attention of investigators at most likely suspects
- interpreting personality profile
- as databases increase in content, process continues to refine and improve
where is criminal profiling mainly used?
large law enforcement agencies
- FBI, RCMP
describe criminal profiling
- seldom points to specific person
- fairly general assertions
- age, gender, race, lvl of ed, marital status, degree of future risk typical assertions made by profilers (knowledge based judgements)
what does criminal profiling work best for?
- ill individuals and highly sadistic ones
what are comp models based on?
geographic location
- crime-linkage analysis still important
bayes theorem
- joint probability
- number of unusual features
- predictability over time
who is profiling applied to?
- murderers
- rapists
- internet sex offender
- com network intruders
- thieves
- arsonists
- corporate and security fraud
- terrorists
does criminal profiling work?
70% of police psych are uncomfy
- more an art
how many cases did Holmes say are solved?
< 50%
- tendency to reserve profiling resources to most challenging cases (not solvable)
- min 3 cases for most use
Pinizotto and Finkel
- compared accuracy of:
trained fbi profilers
police detectives
non-forensic psych
uni undergrad
-» NOT SIGNIFICANT -> trained only did slightly better with sex offenders but no better with violent
RPE
perp dead
scene yes
historical
psych profiling
perp yes
scene yes
info: historical and psych measurement
geographical profiling
perp: no
scene: location
info: type and location
crime scene profiling
perp: no
scene: yes
info: scene details
what is RPE?
reconstructive psychological eval
- post mortem description based on known offender
- intended to add profiling database
- diverse backgrounds make ID of common features difficult
- attempt to address dynamic features (socially and psychologically)
what does psychological profiling begin with?
known perpetrator
what is psych profiling thought of as?
assessment part of court-ordered report
- findings added to database
what is critical to psych profiling?
test selection
murphy and peters MMPI test results
failed to discriminate between sexual offenders and non sex offenders
- PPG did far better (penile test)
- one relevant test > many irrelevant tests
what did Rossmo create?
geoprofile
- based on analysis and prediction of movement patterns
- high stats
what is DDF based on Journey to crime model?
approach to spatial behavior analysis yields a jeopardy surface superimposed on topogrpahic map
what is the probability of DDF?
based on minimizing the mean distance from all known crime sites attributed to offender
what is the probability of offending based on distance from home?
the further away from “home” the less crime committed
- choose location reasonably close to home but not too close
why is a map rasterized?
calculates the total distance from each crime site to every possible point on map
- actual formula incorporates DDF and is algebraically sophisitcated
- spatial behavior analysis
crime site locations
- place dots and eat dot is invetigated using linkage analysis to see if it is comitted by same person
- narrowing the filed so evidence narrows in
- less than 50% cases solved
geothermal on top of a map
geoprofile
- the land is not elevated
- the further away the lower the probability of finding the offender
- ## demographic feathures
what were Rossmo’s 2 criteria?
- 3 yr investigating interpersonal crime
- superior investigative skill
what is Canter’s circle hypothesis?
serial offender’s home location most likely to be located within circle defined diametrically by 2 most distant crime scenes
Snook experiment
instructed vs non
- dragnet printouts
- accuracy about the same
- dragnet did better in phase 1
- experiment did better than control in phase 2
what is the conclusion about Snook
biggest factor is knowledge about circle and ddv
what are the 3 crime scene features
- modus operandi
- signature
- staging
MO
way the violent act was committed
- time, place, weapon, victim characteristics, type, location, method of entry
- refined over time and with practice
- stable over time
- being form patterns and develop bad habits and get sloppy
signature
features extra to crime
- highly ritualized
- pattern of mutilation or property destruction, take trophies, leave smth ebhind, notes, postion of obdy, burn of body or building
- may provide more info than unstable MO
- operational characteristics important for case linkage
staging
alteration made to crime scene after crime was committed
- may not be done by assailant
- protect dignity of victim
- offender may attempt to psych undo or reverse act
what are crime scenes classified as?
organized
mixed
disorganized
organized
evidence of planning
- reduce chances of deterction
- greater victim characteristics
- quite cocky
-> abduction, murder, disposal not in same
- higgher chance if there is a camera watching yoy
disorganized
refelcts work of more impulsive, less intelligent
- anger or aroused
- no movement of evidence from crime scene
- victims chosen more randomly
mixed
both features
- poorly planned crime fell apart
turvey
dichotomy is invalid
scenes along continuum
what features are considered?
- point of contact
- primary scene
- secondary scene -> intermediate, dumpsite/disposal scene
**methods of approach
- refers to rapists
- reveal info about perpetrator’s relationship to victim
what are the 3 methods?
blitz
surprise
con
blitz
limits opportunity to work out a defense
- without warning and they are unknown to you
- no conning, seduction or luring, approach and surprise
surprise
laying in wait
knowledge of schedule
turn 2nd degree into first
- type in mind
- situational awareness
con
ted bundy
employs a ruse
- repeated contacts over time
hunter
goes out and gets victim fairly close to come
- DDV adn circle
31.6%
poacher**
goes into another town or city
not operating from home
- same spot bc they think that they are far away enough so they are same
troller
crimes of opportunity
- victim encoutnered while other usually routine tasks
- perpetual state of preparedness
trapper
lure/trick victims to location of control
attack strategies
raptor
stalker
ambusher
raprt
attack immediate ipon location of victim
- most serial predators
stalker
watches
follows
waits to catch off0guard
ambusher
works close to home or another prepared and familar location
motives
revenge - prior association
financial - investment fraud
jealous
power- sexual offender, lose efficacy and power, illegitiamte
non-sadistic sexual grati - no pain
sadistic sex grat - pain
insanity - legal and some planning aspect compromised
self-defence - think line, resonable degree of force
