Enviro Factors Flashcards
who created DIfferential Association and what is it?
Sutherland
- largely a neg reaction to prevailing psych and psychiatric conceptualizations
- crime concentrates in areas plagued by: low SES, overcrowding, high unemployment
what is absent that normally limits crime?
social control
how is criminal behavior acheived?
it is learnt
- criminals instruct other criminals
where does learning come from?
social interaction
- it isnt a fxn of formal instruction
can interaction come indirectly through TV or media?
no - it has to come firsthand
what is the content of learning?
- technique
- motives
- attitudes
- supporting cog
when does the learned content become criminal?
when it conflicts with the law
- it is not inherently anti-law
- clash of cultures
what does cog therapy aim to targest?
motives
attitudes
supporting cog
the degree to which one becomes a criminal depends on?
how much content is learned
code learning and degree of criminality is a function of?
- length: long-term then accepted as normal and become insensitive
- freq: infre contact = less effect
- intensity: peer pressure or none
- historical sequencing: critical periods, diff points in our life there is more or less prone to effects of peer pressure and exposure
- personal impact of exposure
true learning is affected by?
reinforcement not mimcry
learning and resulting attitudes are not a function of material need….could be obtained ____
legitimately
- ratio to criminal to non is of paramount importance
- merely hanging with criminal not enough, need exposure to norms and attitudes
differential identification
deviant or criminal behavior is learned from strangers and non- strangers alike based on the extent to which individuals identify with them rather than the frequency of contact with these real or imaginary persons.
what is the problem with differential identification?
- fails to address person/exposure interaction
- causation or correlation
-> gravitate to people who influence and welcome them into acting - theory is largely about attitude change but we cannot be sure that shifts of type are what actually precipitate crime
- generate few testable hypotheses (need a hypo to test whether t or f) (psychoanalysis has no testable hypothesis)
-> does not adequately specify sub-processes that produce changes in q
who created strain theory and what is it about?
Merton/Durkheim
- crime isnt about clash in culture it is about agreement -> perfect agreement about what is good and worthy of pursuing
- some can get it and some cannot
strain/anomie
disparity between goals and means of obtaining them
how does strain survive?
class structure - stratification means that strain will exist and so will crime
- no strain = no crime
why isn’t everyone from lower class a criminal?
learn their place
reject goals, means or both
what are the 5 possible reasons why not everyone in lower class is a criminal?
- conformity: grin and bear it
- innovation: find another way (Crime)
- retreatism: give up (suicide)
- ritualism: lowered expectations
- rebellion: overthrow existing value structure
what is the problem with strain theory?
- mechanism of selection is unclear -> who rejects means or goals
- crime exist at all levels of SES
who created control theory and what is it?
Hirschi
- we are barbarians by nature - why isnt everyone committing a crime, we are hedonistic greeds
- criminality isn’t unnatural state - conformity is
- proposes that people’s relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law
how does control theory exist?
natural socialized restraints
- intact self-concept - some sense of satisfaction without needing to change self
- positive goal orientation - in the long run we will get rewarded for our effort
- sufficient frustration tolerance
- personal commitment to social norms
- roles and relationships that fulfill social needs - pay off or positive reinforce
what is frustration tolerance caused by?
when you do not get reinfroced when you are expecting it to come
- lack of expected reinforcement
- increased probability of aggression
- apathy
messing up criminally does what?
puts things at risk and might invite punishment
Hirschi: delinquency risk increases with?
feelings of alienation from society
what usually stops us from crossing the line?
attachment to others
keeping busy with productive and legal pursuits
commitment to pro-social norms and believing they are good and proper (Merton predicted strain from this)
what did Agnew say was a problem with what Hirschi said?
1 and 3 arent good predictors of crime avoidance long term
what were the other 2 problems with what Hirschi said?
- how bonds are loosened or broken is unclear, affiliation with antisocial peers causing breakdowns
- does not account for self-control - socially exerted control
who created labeling theory?
edwin lemert
what are the 3 assumptions with labeling?
- rich and influential who get to decide what is criminal- behavior is neither lawful nor unlawful
- justice industry base their treatment of offenders on their demographic characteristics not their crime
- once folks labeled you a deviant, criminogenic and vicious cycle has begun (secondary deviance)
-> initial crime (primary deviance) almost immaterial, subsequent stigma does real damage
what is the pivotal point for the labeling theory
justice industry base their treatment of offenders on their demographic characteristics not their crime
what are the problems with labeling theory?
- stipulated weak relationship between crime and punishment isnt there -> severity and criminal history and more accumulation of charges = more progressive harsh consequences
- experienced delinquents are less affected by social affects of labeling
-> Klein: kids from higher SES, F, White, low-time offenders more affected -> ones less likely to re-offend
-> little evidence to support theory
what are the 3 main classes?
- APA - more purely or radically behavioral
- neo-behavioral - Pav and instrumental
- social learning theory - cog-beh
what is differential association theory considered to be?
- learning based theory
- refers to specific behavioral processes only incidentally
- recast into a more behavioral framework
GO TO SLIDE 23
study chart
what is SLT pov for symbolic mental processes?
- vital means of testing behaviors and eval outcomes
- expectations and thoughts about likelihood of the outcome behaviors are critical to how they actually act
what is the ABA pov for symbolic mental processes?
- no need for thought or intent
- the stimuli produce certain behaviors that cause either + or - reinforcement
- they are SIDE EFFECTS NOT CAUSAL
what is the SLT pov for role of reinforcers?
create expectancies
- mere sight of response creates expectation of a response-reward relationship
what is the ABA pov for role of reinforcers?
simply strengthen the behavior
what is the SLT pov for role of individuals shaping enviro?
important. large effect
- genetics attribute motivation
- predator or threat
- you look at the response when soemone walks into you and you drop your books - apologetic or disgust and intentional
what is the ABA pov for role of individuals shaping enviro?
effect only incidental
- what is the conseuqence of behavior and what is the circumstance of arrival of the thing
- operant or classical conditioning
- how punishment comes
- behavior dependent or environmental stimuli gives info about what is to come
- appetitive or aversive reinforcement
-
how is socialization learned?
Mowrer-Miller 2-process model
what is the Mowrer-Miller model?
- situational cues become CS for US. aversive CS, CR in form of fear and anxiety results - classical
- avoidance of cues instrumentally reinforced in case of aversive URs. Pursuit reinforced in appetitive US - operant
what happens when you get too much of appetitive stimulus?
can become aversive bc of the quality and subjective value decreases
can CR become an emotional response?
yes
what is instrumental aggression?
behavior intended to achieve a goal
- neg reinforcement
what is P1 and example?
pavlovian process
bullies: harassment -> discomfort UR
bullies -> fear (CS -> CR)
what was the main thing Col. Dave Grossman did?
desensitization
what is P2 and example?
bullies/fear (SD): aggression (R) -> reduced fear (RF) - neg reinf
what is a smth humans do that is not naturally selected for?
murder
- most mammalian species have a fear to seriously harm their own species
what can the 2 step process also work for?
strengthening phobias - neg reinforcement
how do you get those to kill their own?
by getting them past their natural disinclination
- exposure to murder and death - desensitize
what occurred in Samurai training?
- kill with absolute precision and no emotion
- hardcore training and physically fit
- senior student called to the middle of circle to behead someone threatening royal family
- the rest cheer and there is a party and are rewarded
what is the Pav aspect of it?
behavior is the beheading/murder that is associated with a reward
US: training and marching onto the field where execution occurs
+ reinforcement
CR: blood pumping and excitement for the reward
what decreased the accuracy and firing rate?
when practicing on human like targets as it is more reliable
what kind of effect occurs with violent videogames and criminals?
group of people who play violent games can either get carried away and get desensitized or can play only for fun
what is involved in socialization?
response inhibition
- aversive URs are important
what occurs in deviants?
- CRs dont develop properly
- punishment cues not adequately established in childhood
-> timing, inconsistency, no predictability - individual responds abnormally to punishment contingencies - neuropsychologically based (imbalance between BIS and BAS)
problem with mechanics of learning
avoidance learning perfectly possible in absence of anxiety or aroudal
how to get around the problem?
affective responses in course of mental rehearsal - SLT (expectation and mental imagery)
- result of prior conditioning has various features of mental iamgery with affective strength
- vicarious process: acheive some kind of way or reward even though not directly affected by act
- status of model influences who we imitate
- select based on perceived power to manipulate reward contingencies
what is self-control?
self-admin reward and punishment
- complex but implicit contingency contracts (justify it in some way - conventional control)
- modified by internal dialogue -> it is wrong to kill
where is response chain self-punishment is applied?
earlier - desistance (ceasing criminal activity - think about consequences)
later - guilt (upon reflection feel some neg)
