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Medicine - Year 2 > Professionalism > Flashcards

Professionalism Flashcards

1
Q

4 reasons why ethical reasoning is important

A

Understand and evaluate moral arguments
Know when to challenge
Make the right decision
Explain and justify the decision

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2
Q

What is a moral argument?

A

An argument which provides reasons to support a moral claim

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3
Q

When are moral arguments sound and when are they valid?

A

Sound: When the conclusion follows logically from the premises and all the premises are true
Valid: When the conclusion follows logically from the premises (they don’t need to be true)

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4
Q

What are the 2 stages of evaluating an argument?

A
  1. Understanding the logical form
    (e. g. deceiving causes upset and an act is morally wrong if it upsets so the act of deceiving is morally wrong)
  2. Evaluating if the argument is valid AND sound
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5
Q

Can something be morally allowed without being morally valid?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Explain the 4 logical fallacies

A

Ab hominens: Criticising an argument due to the person putting it forward
Appealing to emotion: Making arguments seem more appealing
Begging the question: Conclusion of the argument in the claim
Straw man fallacy: Misrepresent an argument so it’s easy to reject

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7
Q

Define reproductive ethics

A

Issues relating to the beginning and end of life

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8
Q

Define assisted reproductive technology

A

Treatment/procedure involving in vitro handling of human gametes for the purpose of achieving pregnancy

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9
Q

3 arguments for assisted reproductive technology

A

Procreative autonomy - parents right to have children
Welfare of future/existing children (disability)
Reduced burden on state (disability)

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10
Q

3 arguments against assisted reproductive technology

A

Embryo destruction
Unnatural
Harmful (multiple risk)

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11
Q

How many ICF cycles do NICE recommend on the NHS?

A

3

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12
Q

Explain the 2 limits of when IVF can be offered and the problems with them

A

Interest of future child: If being conceived results in physical/psychological harm to the child (hard unless screened)
Right to an open future: Children should enjoy the widest range of opportunities (e.g. not allowing disabled children - what is disabled?)

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13
Q

What does the Human Fertilisation and Embryology act state?

When and why was it changed?

A

Treatment only provided if the child will have good welfare

2008 change to ‘supportive parenting’ over ‘need for a father’

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14
Q

What is PGD?

When it is okay and not okay?

A

Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Okay to avoid genetic disease, not okay for designer babies and saviour siblings

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15
Q

What are the 6 requirements for abortion

A

2 medical practitioners agree that:

  • pregnancy is under 24 weeks
  • continuing would cause more harm than terminating
  • termination needed to prevent mental/physical injury to the mother
  • continence would increase risk to mothers life
  • if the child is born it would be profoundly handicaped
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16
Q

Is the pro life argument valid or sound?

A

Valid argument
Not sound
(foetus same moral status as a human and wrong to end life of something with a moral status of a person)

17
Q

2 examples of why children are vulnerable

A

Cannot defend rights

Need help making decisions

18
Q

When can parental autonomy be overruled?

A

If they are not acting in the child’s best interest and if the child’s welfare is at stake

19
Q

Define research

A

A structured activity intended to produce new knowledge which is generalisable and intended for wider dissemination

20
Q

5 principals of research ethics

A 
Usefulness (likely to provide new evidence?)
Necessity (is it needed?)
Risks (outweighed by benefit?)
Participant consent and confidentiality 
Research ethics approval
21
Q

Define consent

A

Getting permission before involving a person

Need to be informed and voluntary

22
Q

What is the purpose of participant information sheets?

A

Allow the patients to make an informed decision

23
Q

When is the medical research council involved?

A

When there is use of human tissue

Consent for storage and use of tissue from the patient

24
Q

Define confidentiality

A

Not sharing information about a patient without the expressed consent of that person

25
Q

3 reasons for confidentiality

A

Patient autonomy
Aids trust
Info not shared with people who may cause harm

26
Q

What are the 5 points of the mental capacity act?

A
  1. Presumed capacity unless proven otherwise
  2. Supported and given all help to make own decisions
  3. Right to make eccentric/unwise decisions
  4. Anything done for the patient must be in their best interest and based on past/family values and wishes
  5. Always give the least restrictive intervention
27
Q

Define mental capacity

A

Making a decision about whether a person is able to make their own decisions regarding their care AT THE TIME THE DECISION NEEDS TO BE MADE or if someone else should

28
Q

2 ways that capacity can vary

A

Task-dependent: Relevant to the situation

Vary over time: e.g. fluctuating condition

29
Q

4 things a patient must be unable to do in order to lack capacity

A

Unable to understand the information
Unable to retain it
Unable to use their values to evaluate the information
Unable to communicate a decision

30
Q

2 things advanced decisions/directives must be in order to be legally binding

A

Valid and applicable to the patients circumstances

31
Q

3 arguments for advanced directives

A
  • Respects patients choice and autonomy
  • Legal right to refuse treatments
  • Reduces anxiety over losing consciousness
32
Q

3 arguments against advanced directives

A
  • Patients opinion can change
  • Patient may have not seen these circumstances
  • Possibility of coercion
33
Q

Explain the difference between the experimental and critical mind

A

Experimental mind: in the moment

Critical: evaluation across time

34
Q

If a patient is happy despite their loss of capacity should an AD refusing life saving treatment be applied?

A

Who knows bro

35
Q

If a person who undergoes a severe personality change as a result of dementia the same person who wrote the AD?

A

No
AD only legally binding if the person writing it is the same person
They are not as their psychologies radically differ (not sound - have 2 personalities but be the same person?)
So AD is not legally binding for people with dementia

Medicine - Year 2 (19 decks)

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