Professional Practices Ethics

Question 1

independent variable:

Answer 1

is the one that is manipulated in order to observe the effects on the dependent variable, which is unchanging.

Question 2

What variable is manipulated?

Answer 2

independent variable

Question 3

What variable is unchanging?

Answer 3

dependent variable

Question 4

The modern history of the counseling field dates back to:

Answer 4

the late 19th century. In 1913, the National Vocational Guidance Association was founded as the first professional counseling association, and in 1952 merged with several other organizations to form what would later become the American Counseling Association (ACA).

Question 5

What are the two types of research?

Answer 5

Inductive and deductive

Question 6

Inductive research:

Answer 6

begins at the practical level and tends to descriptively add to developing theories.

Question 7

Deductive research:

Answer 7

comes from theory that is already established, and tends to focus on determining what the relationships between different elements of the theory are.

Question 8

Variance refers to:

Answer 8

the degree to which scores are different from each other. When measuring variability, researchers may use standard deviation (SD) to describe the variability within a distribution of scores. Variance is the square of the standard deviation and is used when conducting statistical analyses.

Question 9

Internal validity refers to :

Answer 9

the degree to which external influences have been controlled. There are many threats to internal validity, including differences between subjects, unreliable instruments, maturation, attrition, experimenter bias, and statistical regression. Ecological validity refers to the extent to which study results can be generalized to another setting and is an example of external, not internal, validity.

Question 10

A distribution of scores can be examined using three types of measures:

Answer 10

mean, median, and mode

Question 11

Mean refers to:

Answer 11

the average of a list of scores

Question 12

Median is:

Answer 12

the middle score on a distribution of scores

Question 13

Mode is:

Answer 13

the most frequent score in a distribution of scores.

Question 14

The mean, median, and mode are identical when:

Answer 14

distribution is symmetrical

Question 15

Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) was founded in:

Answer 15

1981

Question 16

Proportional stratified sampling is:

Answer 16

when the proportion of subjects randomly sampled from a certain group reflects the proportion of the group in the general population.

Question 17

External validity is:

Answer 17

the degree to which study results can be applied to populations outside of the study.

Question 18

The American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB) is an organization that:

Answer 18

assists licensed counselors moving from one state to another.

Question 19

Formative evaluation is:

Answer 19

the process of gathering information about how well a new intervention works, and collects information over a period of time.

Question 20

Summative evaluation:

Answer 20

by contrast, is typically a summary of how well an intervention has worked and isconducted over a shorter period of time.

Question 21

Experimenter bias is:

Answer 21

one threat to internal validity and refers to times when subjects’ responses are influenced by researchers for a variety of reasons.

Question 22

Exceptions to Group Confidentiality:

Answer 22

Confidentiality is difficult to ensure in group counseling, though all members should be aware that information shared in the group is confidential. Exceptions to this rule include times when group counselors are concerned someone (not always a group member) is in danger of hurting themselves or someone else.

Question 23

Heteroscedasticity:

Answer 23

refers to times when, for many different reasons, one end of a distribution of scores has more variability than the other end, resulting in a fan-like appearance.

Question 24

Homoscedasticity:

Answer 24

on the other hand, refers to times when scores are equally distributed throughout the range.

Question 25

Neuroplasticity refers to:

Answer 25

the brain’s specific ability to produce new neurons and reorganize itself.

Question 26

Waiting time before re-administration of a test to a group?

Answer 26

two weeks

Question 27

Qualitative research:

Answer 27

tends to study individual units in naturally occurring settings; research data is collected through observation; researchers’ judgments and impressions are often used; it assumes that there are many different realities held by individuals and groups; it hasthe goal of describing the nature of things.

Question 28

Quantitative research:

Answer 28

assumes there is one objective reality, studies samples or populations, uses statistical methods to compare results, and examines for causes and relationships.

Question 29

Bell Curve distribution:

Answer 29

scores into six equal parts. Three of these parts are below the mean and three of these parts are above the mean. Sixty-eight percent (34% and 34%) comprise one standard deviation; 95% (13.5% and 13.5%) comprise two standard deviations; and 99% (2% and 2%) comprise three standard deviations.

Question 30

Achievement tests are often reported in terms of:

Answer 30

age-equivalent scores. This means an individual who earns a score equivalent to4.5 has correctly answered the same number of items that an average four-and-a-half-year-old answers. Grade-equivalent scores work similarly, in that if a student correctly answers the same number of items that an average 7th grader completes, that student receives a grade-equivalent score of 7.

Question 31

Minimum sample size recommended for a survey?

Answer 31

is 100 people.

Question 32

Informed consent is :

Answer 32

meant to serve as a clear way for the counselor to communicate their scope of practice, techniques, grievance procedures, and therapeutic approach with the client before treatment begins. Informed consent also includes detailed explanations of when a counselor might break confidentiality, and the process for releasing client information

Question 33

First state to pass the first general practice counselor licensure law.

Answer 33

In 1976, Virginia

Question 34

Standard deviation (SD) is a:

Answer 34

measure of variability and describes the variability within a distribution of scores. It is the mean of all the deviations from the mean, and is a popular measure of the dispersion of scores.

Question 35

Internal consistency is :

Answer 35

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure, while also producing the same results each time.

Question 36

Utilize both quantitative and qualitative research approaches in the same design.

Answer 36

Mixed-method research designs

Question 37

Statistical regression refers to :

Answer 37

the tendency for a low-scoring or high-scoring test taker on the pretest to obtain a score closer to the mean on a posttest.

Question 38

Is the research question that is to be answered:

Answer 38

hypothesis

Question 39

Three types of hypothesis:

Answer 39

hypothesis can be null, directional, or nondirectional.

Question 40

Null Hypothesis states that:

Answer 40

there are no effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable and therefore no differences in the control and test groups.

Question 41

Directional hypotheses state that

Answer 41

the scores of one particular group will be significantly different than scores in another identified group.

Question 42

Nondirectional hypotheses state that

Answer 42

there will be statistical differences between groups, but it is unclear which group’s scores will be higher or lower.

Question 43

A true experimental design uses :

Answer 43

experimental and control groups that are comprised of randomly assigned participants. Researchers who use experimental designs typically want to determine cause-and-effect relationships, like the relationship between test grades and a differently formatted seminar in this example.

Question 44

This means that if a student correctly answers the same number of items that an average 7th grader completes, that student receives a ___ ___ score of 7.

Answer 44

grade-equivalent

Question 45

Percentile Score:

Answer 45

Many standardized test results are given in percentiles, which are values below which a specified percentage of cases fall.A student who scores in the 80th percentile has scored higher than 79% of the scores.

Question 46

A Type I error:

Answer 46

also known as an alpha error, refers to the researchers’ rejection of the null hypothesiswhen it is correct. If the significance level is changed, such as .05 to .01, the probability of a Type I error changes as well.

Question 47

The purpose of ____ research is to gather information about naturally occurring events and individuals’ and groups’ experiences.

Answer 47

qualitative

This is in contrast to quantitative research, which gathers finite data based on structured research designs.Qualitative research can be interactive, consisting of observation and/or interviewing, or noninteractive, occurring through document analysis.

Question 48

Ethnography is:

Answer 48

a type of interactive research in which the researcher collects data through interviews and observations about a group or system. It is important for researchers to be particularly sensitive about the impact of observer bias in ethnography, as bias can affect the observer’s interactions with and responses to the individuals he or she is observing or contacting.

Question 49

Longitudinal research is:

Answer 49

useful in collecting data on the same group of participants over a long period of time. While longitudinal data obviously takes longer to compile than information obtained through other types of research, it can be helpful when trying to understand the impact of interventions on individuals over a long period of time.

Question 50

Deception refers to:

Answer 50

times when subjects areunaware that a certain type of information is being gathered, and is justifiable if there is no risk to the subjects.

Question 51

Is similar to other management positions in that it requires a specialized set of skills. These include strategic planning, which refers to assessment of the current state of the program and how it might look different in the future; program design and development; budgeting; personnel management; supervision; evaluation; and marketing and public relations.

Answer 51

Counseling program management

Question 52

Informed consent:

Answer 52

includes the rights and expectations of group members, as well as what group members can expect from the counselor and the group as a whole. The counselor should speak individually with each group member before the group begins to answer questions and ensure that themember understands.

Question 53

Type II error:

Answer 53

also known as beta error, refers to researchers’ failure to reject the null hypothesis when there is a difference between groups. Researchers can change the significance level to change the probability of Type I and Type II errors occurring. If the significance level goes down, Type I error decreases, though Type II error increases.

Question 54

Response rate of surveys is:

Answer 54

typically below 50 percent.

Question 55

Comparative research:

Answer 55

examines differences between two groups.

Question 56

Qualitative research is :

Answer 56

any type of descriptive research based on observation and the researchers’ judgments.

Question 57

Experimental designs:

Answer 57

use experimental and control groups along with random sampling at times to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 58

Who should have access to research data:

Answer 58

Only researchers and research assistants gathering data should have access to information obtained on subjects during the study. Information gathered during studies should only be released to others with the written consentof the subjects.

Question 59

“Title-control” means:

Answer 59

that anyonecan practice counseling but cannot legally advertise using the title, such as Licensed Professional Counselor, unless they are licensed.

Question 60

Social justice counseling:

Answer 60

addresses issues of unequal power, seeks a balance of power and resources, and focuses on unearned privilege and oppression.

Question 61

Malpractice is:

Answer 61

the failure to provide services at a level that would be expected of a professional in similar circumstances.

Question 62

Four conditions must be met for malpractice in a court of law:

Answer 62

a professional relationship must have been established; there must have been a breach of duty; the client must have suffered injury, physical or psychological; and the injury must have been caused by a breach of duty.A counselor can be sued with or without professional liability insurance.

Question 63

If a study has a reliability coefficient of .70 or higher:

Answer 63

the instrument can be considered reliable.

Question 64

Physician-assisted suicide is an:

Answer 64

ethical issue about which many health care workers disagree. As of 2015, five states (Oregon, Washington, Montana, New Mexico, and Vermont) allow physician-assisted suicide, provided the individual has a terminal illness. In these states (only in one county in New Mexico), physicians are legally permitted to prescribe medications to cause death.

Question 65

MPCAC as an alternative to:

Answer 65

CACREP

Question 66

Cross-sectional research is a:

Answer 66

specialized type of research that consists of gathering data from several different groups and then comparing the differences.

Question 67

Split-half reliability is:

Answer 67

calculated by randomly splitting a list of questions into sets, then findingthe correlation between the two.If there is a high correlation between the two sets, the measure is said to have high split-half reliability.

Question 68

Parallel-forms reliability is :

Answer 68

similar in that two separate sets of questions are administered, but the questions on each form of the assessment are not chosen randomly.

Question 69

Inter-rater reliability:

Answer 69

is the degree to which different raters score the same responses and behaviors in the same way.

Question 70

Test-retest reliability is:

Answer 70

the degree to which scores are the same when the same measure is given to the same subjects twice

Question 71

Nominal data refers to

Answer 71

numbers that represent categories or qualities of the variable, such as race, gender, and age.Nonparametric statistical measures, which are often used with descriptive data, should be used with nominal data.

Question 72

When a research study is funded partly or fully by federal sources, it must be:

Answer 72

approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB), sometimes known as a Human Subjects Committee. The duty of the IRB is to review the study’s methods to ensure they are ethical.

Question 73

Bans sex discrimination in K-12 schools and colleges.

Answer 73

Title IX was passed in 1972

While Title IX technically applies to both academics and athletics, the focus has mostly been on giving women equal opportunities with men in sports, andgiving women the same proportion of participation in athletic opportunities as men have.

Question 74

An ex post facto research design:

Answer 74

An ex post facto research design, also known as a causal-comparative design, is a non-experimental quantitative design that examines variables after the fact (ex post facto). The researcher can then draw several conclusions about why these relationships occur. The analysis of variance and thet-test are frequently used in ex post facto designs.

Question 75

CACREP was established in:

Answer 75

1981

Question 76

ACA Ethics regard sex with client:

Answer 76

ACA Code of Ethics specifies that sexual contact may not necessarily be unethical if it occurs more than five years after the counseling relationship ends.

Question 77

CACREP also accredits only:

Answer 77

one doctoral program, counselor education and supervision.

Question 78

Standardized scores express the person’s distance from:

Answer 78

the mean, not the median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score distribution.

Question 79

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which is:

Answer 79

federal legislation that sets standards for protecting the privacy of patient information. While clients are allowed to access their own records and request changes, counselors must have a release form signed by the client (or the client’s guardian, if under age 18) before the record is shared with others.

Question 80

Sampling:

Answer 80

which refers to the selection of subjects from a part of the population

Question 81

Cluster sampling refers to :

Answer 81

samples that are not individuals but are units of individuals in the samephysical areathat are selected randomly.

Question 82

The National Defense Education Act:

Answer 82

was passed in 1958 and provided additional funding for public schools for a variety of purposes. There are ten titles within the law, and Title V includes funding for the training of guidance counselors along with the addition of standardized testing to identify academically gifted students.

Question 83

Hawthorne effect:

Answer 83

This is the influence on performance that can occur when subjects know they are being observed, and it can greatly affect theirresponses. Researchers should pay attention to the reactivity of subjects to determine how greatly results are being affected.

Question 84

Inferential statistics:

Answer 84

such as analysis of variance and thet-test, measure the probability of an event occurring in the population.

Question 85

Descriptive statistics:

Answer 85

aim to describe the data that is collected and include means, percentages, and standard deviations.

Question 86

Graduate students enrolled at an institution that is not accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) become board eligible at:

Answer 86

graduationand must complete 3,000 hours of post-degree work experience.

Question 87

Nonparametric statistics:

Answer 87

such as chi-square and the Mann-Whitney U test, are used when data is not normally distributed and variances are inconsistent.

Question 88

Parametric statistics:

Answer 88

such as thet-test and analysis of variance, can be used when samples are randomly drawn from the population and results are distributed along a normal curve.

Question 89

Interval Data:

Answer 89

the numbers on a scale have the same amount of the variable throughout the scale; for instance, degrees on the Fahrenheit temperature scale. Interval scales provide a constant and consistent unit of measurement.

Question 90

Self-Awareness is:

Answer 90

the process of gaining insight into who you are. Self-Awareness is a characteristic of an effective helper. Self-aware helpers are conscious of their motivations, strengths, weakness, their emotions, limitations, and values and how they may consciously or sub-consciously influence a counseling relationship.

Question 91

Consultation is the:

Answer 91

helping process in which a counselor works with one or more professionals who work with clients. The counselor role is to assist the professionals or consultees by helping to identify barriers, improve the client relationship or identify ways of providing more effective services to the client. The professionals being served by the consultant are the direct clients and the clients being serviced by the consultees are considered the indirect-clients.

Question 92

When assessing competency to provide informed consent:

Answer 92

the focus needs to be on the client. The opinions of people who are important to the client may factor in to the client’s decision to give informed consent, but another person’s opinion is not something the counselor considers when assessing competency.

Question 93

Counselor Objectivity:

Answer 93

Objectivity is a characteristic of an effective counselor. The ability to demonstrate objectivity means to be able to view the client or the situation without assigning any judgment or allowing external information to influence the counselor’s perspective of the client. Objectivity is being able to view the client and counseling relationship as a blank slate so that conclusions can emerge naturally as the counseling relationship develops

Question 94

Non-malfeasance:

Answer 94

is refraining from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice towards a patient.

Question 95

Under Americans with Disabilities Act, a service animal is defined as a:

Answer 95

dog that has been individually trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability. A difference between service animals and emotional support animals, in most cases, is that the emotional support animals have not been trained to perform a specific job as required under the ADA.

Question 96

Termination is the:

Answer 96

gradual approach of moving towards the end of a therapeutic relationship. Termination takes places over a period of time. The time to begin the termination process is usually signaled by the fact that the client has reached their goals in counseling as well as gained a certain level of psychological understanding and growth. Termination can be hindered if an attachment has developed between the two parties.

Question 97

Hindrance to Termination:

Answer 97

Attachment and dependency can pose a hindrance when it is time for the counselor and client to terminate the counseling relationship.

Question 98

Gender-fair therapy is:

Answer 98

the counseling of women that addresses the impact of inappropriate sex-role stereotypes such as; women have lower self-esteem, women are more emotional, women are more fearful, timid and anxious, women are less aggressive than men. Gender-fair therapy realizes that there are no prescribed sex-role behaviors. There is a focus on a heightened awareness of one’s personal identity or values as it pertains to the client’s perception of their sex-roles. Gender-fair therapy understands that the reversal of traditional sex roles is not pathological and promotes an awareness that anatomical differences are not a basis for theories of behavior. The practice of gender-fair counseling includes the use of gender-fair language that does not reflect, assign or impose stereotypical sex or gender roles.

Question 99

How big should children groups be?

Answer 99

Children’s groups should be about half the size of adult groups.

Question 100

How long should groups run time-wise?

Answer 100

Groups that run from 1-2 hours hold members’ attention and allow for the most therapeutic benefit

Question 101

What must you do if terminating client due to non-payment?

Answer 101

Therapists can terminate treatment if clients are not paying them. They still must provide appropriate referral, however.

Question 102

What do you do if the client is not benefiting from counseling?

Answer 102

The ACA Code of Ethics states that if we find we are not helping clients, we should refer them to appropriate care. If they decline the referral, the therapist should discontinue the relationship

Question 103

When is it ethical to have sexual relationship with client?

Answer 103

The necessary time between the end of a therapy relationship and dating an ex-client is five years, according to the ACA Code of Ethics. After this time frame, the counselor must give forethought as to whether the relationship can be exploitive or cause potential harm, and document this. If there is potential for harm or exploitation, the counselor should not enter into a relationship with a former client at any time

Question 104

When is the client made aware of the need to break confidentiality?

Answer 104

ACA Code of Ethics, “At initiation and throughout the counseling process, counselors inform clients of the limitations of confidentiality and seek to identify foreseeable situations in which confidentiality must be breached”.

Question 105

When is written authorization required from client?

Answer 105

Written authorization is required in order for you to give any information, including a diagnosis, in order to receive payment from a third-party payor.

Question 106

At what point does the client have a right to their records?

Answer 106

Clients do have a right to their records, and they should be offered to clients, as long as the counselor believes that viewing them will not be detrimental to the client.

Question 107

What is the ACA stance when it comes to seeking consultation with colleagues?

Answer 107

The ACA Code of Ethics states that: “Counselors take reasonable steps to consult with other counselors or related professionals when they have questions regarding their ethical obligations or professional practice.”

Question 108

Ethical or unethical to recruit clients from you job to your private practice?

Answer 108

Recruiting or gaining clients, supervisees or consultees from a place of employment or an institution in which you work is unethical.

Question 109

If your qualifications are misrepresented, you must do what?

Answer 109

When someone misrepresents your qualifications and credentials, you must correct them so whoever has received the erroneous information accurately understands your true credentials

Question 110

What should you take into consideration when selling your own products? Books, cds, etc.

Answer 110

Counselors should not exert undue influence on clients to sell their own products.

Question 111

As a counselor supervisor, when may you engage in sexual or romantic relationship?

Answer 111

Supervisors should avoid unprofessional relationships with supervisees. Sexual and romantic relationships are prohibited.

Unprofessional relationships between students and teachers should be avoided. Sexual relationships between counselor educators and students are prohibited. Ongoing professional relationships between students and counselor educators should also be avoided.

Question 112

When can a counselor supervisor receive pay from a supervisee site?

Answer 112

According to the ACA Code of Ethics, “counselor educators do not accept any form of professional services, fees, commissions, reimbursement, or remuneration from a site for student or supervisee.”

Question 113

What are the rights of the client when participating in research, especially, when it comes to the right to withdrawal?

Answer 113

The ACA Code of Ethics states that counselors “Counselors conducting research involving clients make clear in the informed consent process that clients are free to choose whether or not to participate in research activities. Counselors take necessary precautions to protect clients from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation.Clients are free to withdrawal from research at any time!

Question 114

What is the policy regarding submission of research papers etc. to multiple peer review journals?

Answer 114

Simultaneous submissions are unethical. If a research manuscript is published elsewhere, once published, parts of it may be published elsewhere, but the original publisher must be credited.

Question 115

Where does ULTIMATE responsibility fall in the context of research?

Answer 115

The ACA Code of Ethics states, “The ultimate responsibility for ethical research practice lies with the principal researcher. All others involved in the research activities share ethical obligations and responsibility for their own actions.”

Question 116

What is the ACA stance when it comes to counseling student who are not meeting counselor competencies while under supervision?

Answer 116

According to the ACA Code of Ethics, counselor educators are aware that not all students will develop the competency necessary to practice counseling. Such students should be made aware and a remedial plan developed with the active participation of the students, the educator and with input from colleagues.

Question 117

What is the ACA stance on social media?

Answer 117

The American Counseling Association revised its Ethics in 2014 to include a section on social media. H.6.a states that, “counselors wishing to use social media, separate personal and professional web pages and profiles should be created to clearly distinguish between the two forms of virtual presence.”

Question 118

The slippery slope phenomenon occurs in counseling when:

Answer 118

a counselor has not clearly defined his or her boundaries and can often occur when a counselor is attempting to blend roles (teacher/counselor, mentor/coach, sponsor/counselor).

Question 119

Privilege:

Answer 119

is a legal rule that protects communications within certain relationships from compelled disclosure in a court proceeding. The legal rule states that the person with the privilege, usually the client, owns the privilege and has the right to decide if and when the information is shared.

Question 120

Confidentiality generally describes:

Answer 120

a duty to protect client information outside the courtroom. A privilege generally describes a right, held by the client, that is applicable in a legal proceeding.

Question 121

Risks of group therapy?

Answer 121

Risks of group therapy include the potential breach of confidentiality, challenges with termination, and ineffective leadership around challenging group roles like the scapegoat.

Question 122

HIPAA?

Answer 122

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act provides requirements and guidelines to all healthcare providers regarding the storage of medical records, both paper and electronic, the release of information and the sharing of electronic data, among other things.

Question 123

The Tarasoff case was the beginning of:

Answer 123

the Duty to Warn/Duty to Protect cases. It was decided in 1976 by the Supreme Court of California. The ruling was that counselors have a duty to take reasonable care to protect the intended victim.

Question 124

Bradley Center case:

Answer 124

he hospital’s duty to protect was breached by the negligent release of a dangerous patient who subsequently carried out his threat to kill a readily identifiable person.In the Bradley Center case, the hospital’s duty to protect was breached by the negligent release of a dangerous patient who subsequently carried out his threat to kill a readily identifiable person. The ruling determined that the mental health professionals had a duty to ensure that a dangerous person was not released.

Question 125

Jablonski case :

Answer 125

addressed the need for mental health professionals to consult prior records to determine dangerousness

Question 126

Mandatory ethics:

Answer 126

are the first level of ethical functioning and focus on the law.

Question 127

Principle ethics are:

Answer 127

more morally driven and attempt to solve a specific dilemma.

Question 128

Aspirational Ethics:

Answer 128

The highest level, which require an abstract understanding of the spirit or meaning behind an ethical code.

Question 129

Hedlund case :

Answer 129

addressed that duty to warn extends beyond the named victim to anyone else who might reasonably be at risk (in the actual case, it was the victim’s child).

Question 130

Autonomy is:

Answer 130

fostering the right to control the direction of one’s life.

Question 131

Beneficence is :

Answer 131

“working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental health and well-being.”

Question 132

Fidelity is:

Answer 132

“honoring commitments and keeping promises,” while veracity stands for “dealing truthfully with individuals with whom counselors come into professional contact.”

Question 133

What is the ACA involvement when it comes to individual state licensure?

Answer 133

the ACA does not get involved in the licensure and certification process of any state. State laws, which in some cases are guided by codes of ethics, determine which counselors should be removed from practice.

Question 134

42 CFR, part II was created:

Answer 134

out of an understanding that stigma and fear of prosecution might dissuade persons with substance use disorders from seeking treatment. To add an extra layer of protection on these records, the regulations outline under what limited circumstances information about a patient’s treatment may be disclosed with and without the patient’s consent. Healthcare Reform had nothing to do with special protections for confidentiality. HIPAA is the general standard for privacy and confidentiality, but 42 CFR has special coverage for substance use disorders. 42 CFR Part I is the general health standards for public health service, including OSHA.

Question 135

Liability of counselor supervisors?

Answer 135

Counselor supervisors have direct liability, or liability for their direct actions, and vicarious liability, or liability for the actions taken by their supervisees. Professional malpractice insurance protects counselors and counselor supervisors from personal liability.

Question 136

CACREP stands for :

Answer 136

the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs.

Question 137

The difference between a professional counselor and a social worker is :

Answer 137

that a social worker is trained to focus on how social problems and issues within a person’s environment cause psychological problems and impairments. Social workers address these problems by diagnosing and treating clients within a social context.

Question 138

NBCC stands for the:

Answer 138

National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC). The NBCC is a not-for-profit, independent certification organization established in 1982. The NBCC is a widely recognized national certification board which offers qualified professional counselors certification credentials and permission to hold the title of Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) or Master Addictions Counselor (MAC) or Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (CCMHC).

Question 139

Nonmaleficence means to:

Answer 139

“do no harm.”

Question 140

Self-determination is:

Answer 140

the client’s right to autonomy, to make decisions about their own life without the influence from outside sources. The counselor must believe that the client is expert on their own life and resist the desire to impose his or her values on the client even if they are in the client’s best interest.

Question 141

Defamation is the act of:

Answer 141

divulging communication or information that has the potential to damage or harm someone’s reputation. If the f they are in writing, it is considered libel.

Question 142

Defamation made verbally is considered?

Answer 142

slander

Question 143

Defamation made in writing is considered?

Answer 143

libel

Question 144

Informed consent is :

Answer 144

explaining to clients everything that they can expect from counseling services. Before counseling begins the client voluntarily agrees to the conditions of services which include the benefits, risks, limitations, fees, dates, time, locations, etc. If the client is a minor then the parent or legal guardian must voluntarily agree and consent to services.

Question 145

Duty to warn means:

Answer 145

that if a client presents as a threat of violence or as an imminent risk of danger to him or herself or others, then the counselor must take action to contact the proper authorities to prevent harm from occurring to the client or the parties identified by the client.

Question 146

A dual relationship is when :

Answer 146

the counselor is simultaneously engaged in a counseling relationship as well as some other relationship with that same client at the same time. Dual relationships can be potentially harmful to the client because it becomes difficult for the counselor to remain objective in both roles and it impedes the client’s right to autonomy. Sometimes dual relationships are difficult to avoid and can be managed with strong boundaries. A good rule of thumb is to avoid them all together if possible

Question 147

If the counselor does not have sufficient time to properly terminate her services with her clients, the counselor may face the ethical issue of:

Answer 147

Abandonment. If the counselor cannot properly terminate her services, the counselor would be abandoning the client and possibly doing harm to clients who already struggle with abandonment or trust issues or who are in the middle of doing important emotional work. It is the counselor’s responsibility to provide clients with proper termination services including the opportunity to process the relationship coming to an end as well as the counselor being able to provide the client with alternative services or referral to other counseling services.

Question 148

External validity refers to :

Answer 148

the extent to which researchers can generalize their findings from a research study to real world settings.

Question 149

Test-retest reliability has to do with:

Answer 149

the same people taking the same test and having similar results.

Question 150

Item difficulty index is determined by:

Answer 150

taking the number of test takers and dividing it by the number of correct answers for an item. In this example, 5 people took the test, 5 people answered correctly for each item, giving those 5 items an index of 1.0.

Question 151

The idea of using research to determine correlations and causations dates back to :

Answer 151

Aristotle. 400BC

Question 152

Discussed the use of a major premise, a related minor premise and an obvious conclusion as a part of deductive reasoning

Answer 152

Aristotle

Question 153

Syllogism:

Answer 153

Knowledge can be gained from a particular relationship by following downward from general to specific. An instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion

Question 154

Inductive Reasoning:

Answer 154

moves from specific instances into a generalized conclusion

Question 155

Deductive Reasoning:

Answer 155

moves from generalized principles that are known to be true to a true and specific conclusion

Question 156

Intervening variables are:

Answer 156

variables that may alter the outcome of a research experiment. They are difficult to control for. Other examples include motivation and boredom.

Question 157

Independent Variable is:

Answer 157

the variable that is manipulated, i.e. changing doses in this case.

Question 158

Quantitative research involves being:

Answer 158

very objective, creating controls and comparing the experimental group with the control group in order to conclude something.

Question 159

Qualitative research studies:

Answer 159

relationships and patterns and often uses interviews and observations as tools, thus subjectivity is expected.

Question 160

A null hypothesis:

Answer 160

refutes any difference between an experimental and a control group.

Question 161

An experimental hypothesis:

Answer 161

hypothesizes a difference between the two

Question 162

Having a probability level of 0.05 means:

Answer 162

that there is a five percent chance that the differences between the control and experimental groups are due to chance.

Question 163

If your probability value is less than:

Answer 163

0.05, it is said to be “statistically significant.”

Question 164

Type I (alpha) errors occur when:

Answer 164

the level of error is set too high. Conversely,

Question 165

Type II (beta)errors can occur if:

Answer 165

the level of error is lowered.

Question 166

Type 1 and Type 2 errors:

Answer 166

Type 1 error is also known as an alpha error and a type 2 error is known as a beta error. Both involve the null hypothesis. Type 1 errors reject the null when it is true. Type 2 errors accept the null when it is false. The most common probability of making a Type 1 error is .05. If the researcher rejects the null hypothesis, he will be making an error 5% of the time.

Question 167

What type of variables make research results invalid?

Answer 167

Confounding and extraneous variables make research results invalid.

Question 168

Correlations reveal:

Answer 168

a relationship between two variables. With correlation, there is no manipulation of the independent variables. The variables are merely measured.

Question 169

Positive correlation exists when:

Answer 169

both variables move in the same direction

Question 170

Negative correlation occurs when:

Answer 170

variables are inversely related, and one variable moves in one direction with the second variable moving in the opposite direction.

Question 171

A nominal variable is a type of variable that:

Answer 171

is used to name, label or categorize particular attributes that are being measured.(example of nominal variable would be race, gender, color, city)

Question 172

Mean:

Answer 172

The mean is calculated by adding all values, and then dividing by the total number of values. In this case the mean is 40. Is also an average

Question 173

Range:

Answer 173

The range is found by subtracting the lowest value (or 29) from the highest value (or 50), and 50-29= 21.

Question 174

Mode:

Answer 174

The mode is the value that is most frequent in the set.

Question 175

The median is the:

Answer 175

middle score of a set of values, so if you have the following set of numbers 1, 4, 12, the median (middle ranking) number is 4. The mean or average would be derived by adding all the numbers up and dividing by the total number of numerals. In the case of this example 1, 4, 12, the mean or average is 1 + 4 + 12 = 17 divided by 3 = 5.67 or 6 when rounded up

Question 176

In a normal distribution:

Answer 176

68.26% of the scores will fall within one standard deviation of the mean and 95.44% will fall within two standard deviations of the mean.

Question 177

Variance is :

Answer 177

standard deviation squared, and standard deviation is the square root of variance

Question 178

The A z score or standard deviation:

Answer 178

describes how much a score deviates from the mean.

Question 179

ANOVA refers to:

Answer 179

a one-way analysis.

Question 180

MANOVA refers to:

Answer 180

a two-way ANOVA.

Question 181

Double-blind study:

Answer 181

Both parties are blind; neither knows. Example: neither party know who is getting a placebo

Question 182

Single-blind study:

Answer 182

one party (usually the researcher) knows what treatment the research subject is receiving

Question 183

Hawthorne effect occurs:

Answer 183

because a research subject knows he is a part of a research experiment.

Question 184

Rosenthal effect occurs when:

Answer 184

the researcher has an expectation, which affects the research outcome.

Question 185

The smaller the sample size:

Answer 185

the more chance it has of not accurately representing the entire population.

Question 186

A positively-skewed distribution occurs when:

Answer 186

there is a grouping on the left of the scale, and the ‘tail’ points right, in a positive direction.

Question 187

A negatively-skewed distribution has its ‘tail’ pointing:

Answer 187

left

Question 188

A correlation between two variables does not :

Answer 188

prove a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 189

The independent variable is the :

Answer 189

variable that is manipulated

Question 190

The dependent variable:

Answer 190

is the one that is measured

Question 191

The ______ is the variable that is manipulated and the ______ is the one that is measured:

Answer 191

independent variable, dependent variable

Question 192

The median is the:

Answer 192

middle number of the data set, when in numerical order.

Question 193

The Pearson r:

Answer 193

is the most common correlation coefficient.

Question 194

The Spearman g is an:

Answer 194

intelligence measure.

Question 195

The Spearman rho is used for:

Answer 195

ordinal data measures.

Question 196

Nominal scales can provide :

Answer 196

labels only.

Question 197

Most scores fall within:

Answer 197

3 standard deviations. Sixty-eight percent of scores will fall within 1 standard deviation and 95% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations. Ninety-nine percent of scores will fall within 3 standard deviations.

Question 198

Range is not a measure of:

Answer 198

central tendency; it is a measure of variability, along with standard deviation.

Question 199

What are the measures of central tendency:

Answer 199

Mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendency

Question 200

Halo-Effect:

Answer 200

this is the tendency for the observer (researcher or data collector) to form an early impression of the person being observed and then letting this impression influence observations or ratings of that individual

Question 201

A cross-sectional study looks at:

Answer 201

multiple people of differing ages at once.

Question 202

A longitudinal study follows the:

Answer 202

same group of people over time. Both are types of developmental research.

Question 203

Cluster sampling is:

Answer 203

used to in situations when it is not possible to find a list of all possible participants.

Question 204

Quota sampling is used:

Answer 204

a specific number of cases is necessary and random sampling allows that each member of the population has equal chance of being included in the study.

Question 205

The ______ is plotted on the x-axis and the ______ is plotted on the y-axis.

Answer 205

independent variable, dependent variable

Question 206

The mode will always be the:

Answer 206

highest plot on the graph as it is the most frequently repeated number in the plot

Question 207

Psychological research is theoretic in nature and is used to gain:

Answer 207

knowledge and understanding about a subject or individuals, groups, or populations. Research is the attempt to establish facts and or to reach a conclusion about something in a scientific or systematic manner. Research is the act and method of studying something as objectively, consistently, thoroughly and systematically as possible in order to increase knowledge or understanding of phenomena or behavior. The purpose of research is to gain awareness, knowledge and understanding. Psychological research does not necessarily serve as a treatment or a solution to resolve a problem.

Question 208

A hypothesis is an:

Answer 208

educated guess or proposed explanation based on limited evidence to explain phenomena. A hypothesis is a catalyst to further research or experimentation in order to test the hypothesis.

Question 209

Sample population is the:

Answer 209

population or group of interest that the researchers want to study. A sample is a representation of the population but just in a smaller size since it would be impossible to sample an entire population. The sample group is not as large as the entire population but still should be a pretty good representation of the group that the researchers are interested in studying.

Question 210

A population is a:

Answer 210

group of people that researchers are testing the theory about or making assumption about.

Question 211

Two types of statistics:

Answer 211

descriptive and inferential.

Question 212

Descriptive statistics are:

Answer 212

used to describe the group that is being studied.

Question 213

Inferential statistics are techniques that:

Answer 213

allow us to make generalizations or inferences about a population by analyzing or observing a sample of that population.

Question 214

Analysis of Variance or an ANOVA is a technique that allows:

Answer 214

a researcher to study more than two populations at a time. Where inference statistics allow a researcher to compare two populations, that same procedure cannot be applied to the study of three or more populations. The researcher would have to use ANOVA if they want to make multiple comparisons.

Question 215

The null hypothesis is an:

Answer 215

essential part of any research design and is always meant to be tested whether directly or indirectly. It is when the researcher rejects or attempts to disprove or “nullify” a hypothesis. The null hypothesis is all about the prediction of a relationship between the variables. A null hypothesis predicts the absence of relationship between the variables (video games and violent attitudes). A researcher cannot reject a hypothesis without replacing it with an alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is what the researcher really believes might be going on

Question 216

The alternative hypothesis states:

Answer 216

an actual expectation. It is what the researcher is attempting to demonstrate in an indirect way. If the null hypothesis is rejected, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Question 217

Correlational research is the:

Answer 217

study of how two or more things are closely related to each other or how one thing causes the other. A correlation is the relationship between two variables

Question 218

An experiment will usually have three kinds of variables:

Answer 218

independent, dependent and controlled variables.

Question 219

The independent variable is:

Answer 219

controlled and manipulated by the researcher;

Question 220

The dependent variable is the:

Answer 220

variable that is being measured in the experiment

Question 221

The controlled variable is the:

Answer 221

variable that remains constant during the experiment.

Question 222

An operational value refers to:

Answer 222

how the researcher will define and measure the specific value used in the study.

Question 223

Median is to middle as:

Answer 223

mode is to most. The median is the middle score in a distribution of scores. Mode is the concentration of the most frequent scores in a distribution

Question 224

The mean, median, and mode is the:

Answer 224

Central Tendency

Question 225

Psychogenic, which means the:

Answer 225

results that the subjects report experiencing whether they were positive from the placebo or negative from the nocebo were caused not by the fake treatment or substance administered but by the psychological state of the subject.

Question 226

Before a researcher can conduct research or experiments on human subjects the researcher must obtain permission from:

Answer 226

an Institutional Review Board (IRB). An IRB or an Independent Ethics Committee or a Research Ethics Board, is a committee who is responsible for approving, monitoring and reviewing any social science research that involve human beings. The IRB will conduct a risk-benefit analysis of the proposed research in order to determine whether or not the research is appropriate and can move forward. The purpose of the IRB or Ethics Board is to review the process in order to assure that during the entire time of the research, the rights and welfare of all human participants are protected

Question 227

Parsimony:

Answer 227

In research, researchers strive to achieve the easiest, simplest and least complicated explanations of their research findings.

Question 228

What should a research article indicate:

Answer 228

Research articles should include enough detail for future researchers to be able to replicate the experimental procedures recorded in the original journals.

Question 229

The best way to prove the validity of research is to:

Answer 229

replicate the study. If the replicated study yields the same results as the original study, it can be concluded that the original research was valid.

Question 230

Normal distribution means that:

Answer 230

most of the data falls within the range of average within the bell curve and the remaining data will fall within the above average range or within the below average range.

Question 231

The standard deviation is an indication of how:

Answer 231

tightly data is clustered around the mean or “average” set of data in a bell curve. In a bell curve, if most of the data represents a normal distribution and are tightly bunched together the bell curve is steep and the standard deviation (or distance between) is relative small. If the data is more spread out and the bell curve is flat, that means that the standard deviation (distance between) is relatively large. A large standard of deviation means that your data probably includes a wide range of values

Question 232

Construct validity ensures that :

Answer 232

the actual research, experiment, or data collection process conforms to theory that is actually being studied. It is important that the researcher creates a questionnaire that is directly related to theory or the topic being researched.

Question 233

Unsystematic errors in the instrument are:

Answer 233

unexpected or unknown influences that affect or vary results. This is the reason why most test manuals insist that directions are followed exactly the way they are written or prescribed so that everyone taking the test has the same understanding and interpretation to reduce the likelihood of error variance.

Question 234

Reliability is a pre-requisite to:

Answer 234

test validity. If a test has too many unsystematic errors then it will not be able to measure anything consistently.

Question 235

Validity tells how well the:

Answer 235

test does the job. Does the instrument (scale) measure what it is intended to measure? Researchers are always going to be concerned with the test instrument’s reliability and the test instrument’s validity.

Question 236

When a test reflects concurrent validity there is:

Answer 236

no time lag in prediction results. The results are produced immediately or can be interpreted in the here and now.