Intake, Assessment, and Diagnosis

Question 1

The goal of consultation:

Answer 1

is preventative in nature, as it aims to increase competence so the counselor can avoid future problems. Consultation can focus on content, such as knowledge about a particular area, or it can focus on process.

Question 2

Sometimes researchers use observation as a technique to collect data on specific types of behaviors:

Answer 2

Sometimes researchers use observation as a technique to collect data on specific types of behaviors. The data is then recorded using coding systems, record forms, and/or schedules. An example of this is a behavioral flow sheet, in which the recorder documents certain behaviors that occur within a specific time frame, such as every hour.

Question 3

Assessment Resources:

Answer 3

Several assessment resources are available to counselors who want to know more about available assessments. TheMental Measurements Yearbook, Tests in Print VIII,andA Counselor’s Guide to Career Assessment Instrumentsare examples of assessment resources. TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual - 5th editionis used to diagnose a variety of mental disorders.

Question 4

Rorschach:

Answer 4

The Rorschach consists of a collection of abstract ink blot images onto which the individual projectsoften unconscious desires, urges, and needs. The Rorschach is considered an unstructured test, as the individual is given considerable flexibility in howhe or she responds.

Question 5

Is Rorschach a structured or unstructured test?

Answer 5

The Rorschach is considered an unstructured test, as the individual is given considerable flexibility in howhe or she

Question 6

Social Desirability:

Answer 6

This refers to the tendency for participants to respond in ways they think are socially desirable even if their answers do not accurately reflect their true attitudes and beliefs.

Question 7

Crystallized Intelligence:

Answer 7

is comprised of acquired skills and can be influenced by culture, personality, and education.

Question 8

Fluid intelligence:

Answer 8

refers to the ability to solve new problems quickly and is independent of education and culture.

Question 9

Validity refers to:

Answer 9

the extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure

Question 10

Reliability:

Answer 10

refers to the extent to which a test can produce the same results if it is re-administered to the same group of individuals. Tests can, at times, be reliable but not valid.

Question 11

Arthur Jensen:

Answer 11

contributions to psychometrics

exploration of why individuals differ behaviorally from each other.

believed that genetic factors are the most powerful indicators of intelligence.

Question 12

Speed test:

Answer 12

are concerned with how many questions you can answer correctlyin theallotted time.

Question 13

Power Test:

Answer 13

on the other hand will present a smaller number of more complex questions. The methods you need to use to answer these questions are not obvious, and working out how to answer the question is the difficult part.

Question 14

Difference between family and individual counseling?

Answer 14

In general, family counseling tends to focus on problems that are current and therefore usually follows a relatively brief course of treatment. This is in contrast to individual counseling, which traditionally explores issues that contribute to long-standing problems and barriers and therefore is longer in duration than family counseling.

Question 15

Proxemics refers:

Answer 15

to the spatial features of the environment such as where individuals choose to sit and how furniture is positioned.

Question 16

Kinesics refers :

Answer 16

to facial expressions, body movements, and other nonverbal communication.

Question 17

Sociograms:

Answer 17

is a graphic representation of social links that a person has.

are often used to collect information about interrelationships between people in a group setting. The counselor leading the group is likely interested in how each member views his or her own position in the group as well as how each member views the relationships between others.

Question 18

Achievement tests accomplish what?

Answer 18

on the other hand, measure the effects of learning on an individual

Question 19

Intelligence tests, including the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) accomplish what?

Answer 19

measurea person’s cognitiveability to think in abstract terms and adapt to the environment.

Question 20

Curricular validity refers to:

Answer 20

how well a test measures the curriculum being tested and is evaluated by experts. Most end-of-grade testing in public schools is based on a specific curriculum that is supposed to be taught by teachers throughout the previous school year.

Question 21

Predictive validity refers to:

Answer 21

the degree to which a measure predicts future performance.

Question 22

Convergent validity refers to:

Answer 22

two separate tests that measure the same attributes that are correlated.

Question 23

Discriminant validity refers to:

Answer 23

two separate tests that don’t correlate.

Question 24

Consequential validity refers to :

Answer 24

the consequences of a study on society. Some researchers believe a test must benefit society in order to be considered valid, though not all researchers agree on this point.

Question 25

Postmodern Therapy:

Answer 25

the meaning of a client’s life is gained through the client’s own understanding.

Question 26

Narrative therapy is based on:

Answer 26

the idea that clients’ reality is based on their own words and language, and that clients’ lives can be thought of as stories in progress.

Question 27

Semantic Differential Scale:

Answer 27

Semantic Differential Scale is a survey or questionnaire rating scale that asks people to rate a product, company, brand or any “entity” within the frames of a multi-point rating options. These survey answering options are grammatically on opposite adjectives at each end. Good < ——> Bad

Question 28

The term “sociometricmethods”:

Answer 28

refers to a large class of methods that assess the positive and negative links between persons within a group.

Question 29

Unobtrusivemeasures are:

Answer 29

measures that don’t require the researcher to intrude in the research context. Direct and participant observation require that the researcher be physically present. This can lead the respondents to alter their behavior in order to look good in the eyes of the researcher

Question 30

Likert scale:

Answer 30

is a five (or seven) pointscalewhich is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement.

Question 31

Validity refers to:

Answer 31

the extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure.

Question 32

Construct validity, which refers to:

Answer 32

the degree that a test measures what it is meant to measure

Question 33

Face validity:

Answer 33

in which the test looks to be valid

Question 34

Content validity:

Answer 34

in which the test material comes froma certain domain

Question 35

Predictive validity:

Answer 35

in which the test makes predictions that are confirmed later.

Question 36

David Wechsler is known for:

Answer 36

his contribution to intelligence tests for adults and children. His tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Wechsler believed that intelligence tests should focus on both verbal and performance skills, and they often help identify learning disabilities in children. Wechsler’s tests focus onbothfluid intelligence (the ability to solve new problems) and crystallized intelligence, (learned skills that are influenced by education, culture, and personality).

Question 37

Caplan’s model of consultation:

Answer 37

In Caplan’s model, two professionals discuss issues specific to mental health diagnoses, such as eating disorders, and treatment. The center of discussion can be an individual client or family, the consultee and the client, treatment or a specific program, or the consultee and administration.

Question 38

The Johari window:

Answer 38

named after Joe Luft and Harry Ingham, is used to explore information that is not known to the client and/or not known to others. Through remaining curious about the client’s internal world, the counselor helps the client to maximize the information that both the client and others know. According to Luft and Ingham, customs, social training, and fears keep parts of this information unknown.

Question 39

Bergen’s Model Consultation:

Answer 39

Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in individual, group, or community settings. Bergen’s model uses a behavioral approach that emphasizes the verbal interactions during consultation. The four stages of this model are problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and problem evaluation. Bergan’s model also focuses on problem behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences.

Question 40

Aptitude tests:

Answer 40

measure the capacity of the test taker to learn and are often used as part of job applications. These tests measure abstract, verbal, and numerical reasoning. Examples are the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test

Question 41

Achievement tests measure:

Answer 41

educational knowledge

Question 42

Intelligence tests :

Answer 42

measure cognitive potential

Question 43

Personality tests:

Answer 43

measure individuals’ unconscious desires and anxieties as well as personality traits.

Question 44

Stanine (STAndard NINE) scales:

Answer 44

consist of nine points and are used to convert test scores to single digits. Stanines are always positive and can range from zero to nine. The mean of a stanine scale is always five and the standard deviation is always two.

Question 45

Mean of a Stanine scale?

Answer 45

5

Question 46

Norm-referenced assessments:

Answer 46

compare test takers to others who have taken the same test, so how much a test taker knows is not as important as how the test taker compares with others.

Question 47

Criterion-referenced tests:

Answer 47

such as the National Counselor Examination, compare a test taker to some objective set of criteria, such as a cut-off score.

Question 48

Ipsatively interpreted tests:

Answer 48

compare the test results with the test taker’s results on other parts of the same assessment.

Question 49

Intrusive methods:

Answer 49

refer to times when clients know that they are thesubject of observation and/or data collection.

Question 50

Unobtrusive methods:

Answer 50

refer to times when the individuals are unaware that data is being collected, such as when you review a client’s existingrecords.

Question 51

Charles Spearman :

Answer 51

is known for his development of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, or Spearman’s rho, the first statistical measure for intelligence tests. It determines how well the relationship between two variables can be described.

Question 52

The first statistical measure for intelligence tests.

Answer 52

Spearman’s rho

Question 53

Convergent validation refers to:

Answer 53

times when there is a high correlation between the concept the test is meant to study and other constructs.

Question 54

Standard deviation (SD) is a :

Answer 54

measure of variability and describes the variability within a distribution of scores. It is the mean of all the deviations from the mean, and is a popular measure of the dispersion of scores.

Question 55

Eugenics refers to:

Answer 55

the process of genetically improving the human population.

Question 56

Sir Francis Galton:

Answer 56

cousin of Charles Darwin

He believed that intelligence was completely determined by genetics and therefore could be cultivated through selective parenting.

Question 57

Sociometry is:

Answer 57

the study and measurement of social relationships. A sociogram is a sociometric tool that allows researchers to visually illustrateinterrelationshipsor group structure, andcan reveal a significant amount about perceptions and dynamics between people in the same group.

Question 58

if a test is created to measure a person’s knowledge of material in a certain domain and only draws questions from that specific domain it has:

Answer 58

content validity.

Question 59

Predictive Validity:

Answer 59

in which the test makes predictions that are confirmed later

Question 60

Construct Validity:

Answer 60

in which the test measures a certain characteristic

Question 61

Concurrent Validity:

Answer 61

in which test results are compared with other results around the same time

Question 62

The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory:

Answer 62

is a personality assessment that provides a specific psychological type, based on the work ofCarl Jung. Despite the fact that the Myers-Briggs lacks reliability and validity, it continues to be one of the most commonly used personality inventories.

Question 63

Posited that there are four principal psychological functions through which individuals experience the world: sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking:

Answer 63

Carl Jung

Question 64

Appraisal refers to:

Answer 64

the process of going beyond quantitative measurements to make judgments about humanattributes and behaviors. Appraisal is also known as evaluation.

Question 65

The standard error of measurement (SEM):

Answer 65

is a measure of reliability and is sometimes referred to as the confidence limit.

Question 66

Biopsychosocial interviews are:

Answer 66

holistic and comprehensive. Counselors who conduct these interviews address the biological, psychological, and social aspects of their clients lives in order to identify what is contributing to their clients’ problems and guide treatment planning/goal setting.

Question 67

Biopsychosocial interviews can help determine:

Answer 67

factors that contribute to a client’s problems and can help guide the treatment plan. Mental status exams are used to assess a client’s behavioral and cognitive functioning

Question 68

Diagnostic interviews are used to:

Answer 68

help diagnose mental illness.

Question 69

Mental status exams are used to:

Answer 69

assess a client’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. It consists of descriptions based on the counselor’s observations of the client’s appearance, behavior, level of consciousness, attitude, perception, and affect. Screening is a process used when selecting members for a small group.

Question 70

Adler Birth Order - Oldest child:

Answer 70

Gets much attention; tends to be dependable, hard-working, achievement oriented. When another child (intruder) comes, oldest may fear losing love.

Question 71

Adler Birth Order - Second child:

Answer 71

Shares attention; sees self as if in a race to compete with first child; often succeeds where older fails.

Question 72

Adler Birth Order - Middle child:

Answer 72

Often feels left out; may see life as unfair; “poor me” attitude; may develop problems.

Question 73

Adler Birth Order - Youngest child:

Answer 73

Baby in family; pampered; special role to play; influenced by all others; tends to go own way; often develops in directions no one else thought of.

Question 74

Adler Birth Order - Only child:

Answer 74

does not learn to share or cooperate; often deals with adults well; wants center stage even as adult and if does not get it, may have difficulties.

Question 75

Birth order implications:

Answer 75

Children in the same family have different psychological environments because of the difference in birth order.

Question 76

Rogerian counselors discourage diagnosis because:

Answer 76

using a diagnosis runs counter to seeing each person as unique. It also puts the counselor in an authoritative/expert role.

Question 77

The diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder was created in order to:

Answer 77

prevent misdiagnosis and provide better treatment and care for children who do not necessarily meet the criteria for bi-polar disorder and yet display symptoms of chronic, severe, and or persistent irritability that manifest itself as frequent temper outburst in response to the frustration that they are feeling.

Question 78

Children between the ages of 6 and 18 who experience persistent irritability, tantrums and behaviors more than three times a week for more than a year may be experiencing:

Answer 78

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.

Question 79

Bing Eating Disorder is described as:

Answer 79

uncontrolled binging at uncontrolled bingeing at least once a week for at least three months. This disorder is found in children and is more common in adolescents and young adults although it can occur at any time during the lifespan.

Question 80

Major Neurocognitive Disorder is defined as:

Answer 80

the significant and progressive decline in cognitive abilities such as attention, executive functioning, learning, memory, language as well as motor and social skills

Question 81

Holland Style/Type: Realistic

Answer 81

aggressive; prefers explicit tasks requiring physical
manipulation; has poor interpersonal skills.
Examples: mechanic, technician.

Question 82

Holland Style/Type: Investigative

Answer 82

intellectual; prefers systematic, creative investigation
activities; has poor persuasive and social skills.
Examples: chemist, computer programmer.

Question 83

Holland Style/Type: Artistic

Answer 83

imaginative; prefers self-expression via physical, verbal or other materials; dislikes systematic and ordered activities. Examples: artist or editor

Question 84

Holland Style/Type: Social

Answer 84

social; prefers activities that inform, develop, or enlighten others; dislikes activities involving tools or machines.
Examples: teacher, counselor

Question 85

Holland Style/Type: Enterprising

Answer 85

extroverted; prefers leadership and persuasive roles;
dislikes abstract, cautious activities.
Examples: manager, sales personnel.

Question 86

Holland Style/Type: Conventional

Answer 86

practical; prefers ordered, structured activities; dislikes
ambiguous and unsystematized tasks.
Examples: file clerk, cost accountant

Question 87

If a professional counselor is billing a client’s insurance company for payment of services:

Answer 87

the counselor must provide the insurance company with a diagnosis along with the code from a current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 88

The Thematic Apperception Test is a :

Answer 88

projective test that uses pictures for clients to interpret.

Question 89

A free choice test allows answers to be:

Answer 89

filled in (fill in the blank etc)

Question 90

Having high concurrent validity means:

Answer 90

the test in question has a high validity correlation to an already valid test

Question 91

What kind of test measure the speed in which answers are provided?

Answer 91

speed test. based on speed of answers.

Question 92

A power test has time limits

Answer 92

False

Question 93

A 0.60 reliability co-efficient means that:

Answer 93

60% of the scores are accurate

Question 94

Inter-Observer Reliability or Inter-Rate:

Answer 94

Used to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon.

Question 95

Plausible error is determined by :

Answer 95

multiplying the reliability coefficient by 100 and the subtracting the reliability coefficient from 100

Question 96

The generally acceptable level for most psychological attributes is a reliability coefficient of:

Answer 96

.70.

Question 97

Test-Retest Reliability:

Answer 97

Used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another.

Question 98

Binet was appointed by the French government to:

Answer 98

develop and lead a commission to identify children in need of enhanced education.

Question 99

WPPSI-III:

Answer 99

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence | Third Edition. An assessment of cognitive development for preschool and young children.

Question 100

WAIS-III:

Answer 100

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | Third Edition. Measures an adult intellectual ability

Question 101

WAIS-IV:

Answer 101

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | Fourth Edition

is the most advanced adult measure of cognitive ability, based on recent research in the area of cognitive neuroscience and the theories and work of David Wechsler PhD. Guidance on using this test in your telepractice.

Question 102

MMPI-2:

Answer 102

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

is used to screen for personality and psychosocial disorders in adults and adolescents. It is also frequently administered as part of a neuropsychological test battery to evaluate cognitive functioning.

Question 103

SBIRT is a :

Answer 103

brief intervention for assessment of substance use disorders. It stands for Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral and Treatment.

Question 104

The PHQ-9:

Answer 104

or the Personal Health Questionnaire is a quick, 9-item assessment that can be administered over time to monitor for change.

Question 105

CAGE is a measure for:

Answer 105

Screens for excessive drinking and alcoholism

Question 106

The Flynn effect is :

Answer 106

the increase in average test scores on intelligence test scores all over the world.

Question 107

The Hawthorne effect:

Answer 107

is related to increased performance when people know they are being studied

Question 108

Yerkes-Dodson law relates to :

Answer 108

an increase in performance when anxious.

Question 109

Rorschach test is a projective test:

Answer 109

in that the test taker is expected to project feelings, either overtly or covertly, onto the inkblots and the results are then interpreted by the reviewer.

Question 110

Spearman’s g is the idea:

Answer 110

that there is one general intelligence.

Question 111

When a person answers questions in a way they think they should, they are said to:

Answer 111

possess social desirability.

Question 112

Cultural test bias is:

Answer 112

the phenomenon of a test’s reliability measured with certain cultural elements.

Question 113

Subjective interpretation bias occurs when:

Answer 113

a test taker determines personal meaning from test questions.

Question 114

Stanford-Binet Test IQ ratings:

Answer 114

An IQ score of 130-144 is gifted. A score of 145 or greater is very gifted. The Stanford Binet does not use the term genius. A score of 100 is average. A score of 120 is superior. IQ is calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

Question 115

In a cyclical test:

Answer 115

there are several sections that are spiral and the items become progressively more difficult as you move through the tests. Nearly all intelligence testing sections are spiral tests and the intelligence test themselves are cyclical.

Question 116

Raymond Cattell developed the Culture Fair IQ test in the 1940s and in the process, determined that there were two distinct types of:

Answer 116

intelligence fluid and crystal.

Question 117

Construct validity is:

Answer 117

the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Question 118

Criterion validity is :

Answer 118

based on specific variables and how one set of variables predicts an outcome on another set.

Question 119

Predictive validity refers to:

Answer 119

the degree to which any measure can predict future or independent past events.

Question 120

Reliability refers to:

Answer 120

how consistent a test is at measuring an attribute

Question 121

Response biasis a general term for:

Answer 121

a wide range of tendencies for participants torespondinaccurately or falsely to questions. Example: Filling out same answer to all questions on a test or survey

Question 122

A valid test is always:

Answer 122

reliable. A valid test is one that measures what it claims to be measuring. A reliable test produces consistent results over time. A test can be reliable and measure something consistently but might not be valid if it measures something other than what it claims to measure. Increasing a test’s length increases its reliability. Conversely, if you shorten a test, you reduce its reliability.

Question 123

Examiner bias occurs when:

Answer 123

the examiner’s expectations about the outcome of the experiment influence the participants. This can easily occur with projective tests, where a neutral stimuli is presented.

Question 124

The purpose of an assessment in counseling is to:

Answer 124

collect information for the purpose of better defining a client’s problem. Assessments are a part of the counseling process and are used to help identity the problem, plan interventions, evaluate progress and diagnose the client.

Question 125

The difference between an assessment and a test is:

Answer 125

that an assessment focuses on gathering information and a test focuses on measurements of psychological constructs through the use of instruments

Question 126

A measurement is:

Answer 126

the systemic procedure of assigning scores to determine the dimensions of human attributes, traits, characteristics or behaviors

Question 127

The word evaluation is often used interchangeably with the word:

Answer 127

appraisal. Both words describe a tool used for measuring and making judgments regarding human attributes and behaviors.

Question 128

The Becks Depression Inventory (BDI), was developed by:

Answer 128

The Becks Depression Inventory (BDI), was developed by psychologist Aaron Beck. The BDI is a self-reporting inventory questionnaire that measures the severity of depressive symptoms by asking the client to answer and rate a series of questions or statements that describe characteristics, attitudes and behaviors associated with depressive symptoms.

Question 129

Psychological measurements are also referred to as:

Answer 129

psychometrics, which is the measurement of psychological variables and constructs

Question 130

An achievement test measures:

Answer 130

how much knowledge, skill or information a person has achieved through training, instruction or experience.

Question 131

An aptitude test is designed to:

Answer 131

assess a person’s capability to perform. An aptitude test can be used to predict the ability of a person to be able to learn or perform given the right training or education. An aptitude test helps to predict a person’s level of competency to perform a task.

Question 132

The Barnum effect, also called the Forer effect, is a:

Answer 132

general description of a personality trait or characteristic that is so vague that it could apply to anyone. The term Barnum effect was named after P.T. Barnum who stated, “we’ve got something for everyone” The Barnum effect refers to the “gullibility” of subjects that identify with or select generally vague-statements that describes personality traits or attributes they believe apply or accurately describe them. The Barnum effect describes every test subject identifying with the same description despite their differences and uniqueness

Question 133

Cognitive instruments are test that assess:

Answer 133

Cognition. Cognitive instruments are used in the testing or assessment of cognitive functions that involve skills related to intelligence, functioning, perceiving, processing, concrete and abstract thinking, and memorization.

Question 134

A psychological construct is a variable that:

Answer 134

cannot be observed directly because it represents a tendency to behave in certain ways or a complex pattern of behavior and internal processes.

Question 135

A standardized test is a testing instrument that is developed according to:

Answer 135

certain standards or established norms and has fixed directives for administering and scoring. Standardized tests are designed in ways that the questions, conditions for administering, scoring procedures and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.

Question 136

Sequential processing is the mental ability to:

Answer 136

arrange stimuli in sequential or serial order in which to process information. Cognitive instruments may test or measure sequential processing ability.

Question 137

A Mental Status Examination (MSE) is an important part of the:

Answer 137

clinical assessment phase in counseling. A MSE is based on what the counselor observes about the client. It is a structured ways of observing and describing a client’s current mental state for the purpose of making an accurate diagnosis and developing an effective treatment plan.

Question 138

The mini-mental state examination is questionnaire used to assess for:

Answer 138

cognitive impairment. It can also be used to estimate the severity and progression of the cognitive impairment and follow any changes in the client over time. This is helpful tool in tracking the client’s response to treatment.

Question 139

Selected Response test:

Answer 139

Tests using multiple-choice, true and false or matching items are examples of selected response tests

Question 140

Cultural test bias in testing or assessment occurs when:

Answer 140

test scores from one group of people significantly differ from the test scores of another group of people based upon cultural differences.

Question 141

The focus of a power test is:

Answer 141

not the speed in which the person completes the test but is the ability of the test-taker to answer the most number of questions correctly. The questions in a power test are often arranged with less difficult questions at the beginning with difficulty levels increasing throughout the test.

Question 142

In a subjective test or assessment people project their own:

Answer 142

subjective feelings, thoughts or perceptions as part of their response or answer. Scoring a subjective test requires judgment on behalf of the counselor when interpreting answers.

Question 143

An objective test or assessment usually invokes an:

Answer 143

answer that is factual. For example, answers are either right or wrong, or a client can choose to answer yes or no, or agree or disagree to certain statements. The client or test-taker’s answers are clear-cut and therefore require little or no judgment on the part of the counselor to score the test or assessment. The counselor is to be aware of the patterns of answers that can lead to a conclusion regarding a diagnosis.

Question 144

Bias testing is the degree to which:

Answer 144

a test is designed or constructed to with irrelevant factors that systematically affect a specific group’s performance. Also, the ways test results are interpreted and used that result in systematic disadvantages to certain minority groups. Identifying test bias requires and examination by the researchers or test developers to determine why one group does better or worse than another group on a particular test