Core Counseling Attributes

Question 1

Emotional cutoff:

Answer 1

occurs when an individual deals withconflict by reducing contact with the other person.

Question 2

The Masters and Johnson approach:

Answer 2

was based on the belief that many people are too critical of their own sexual performance, leading to dysfunction.Therefore, their approach was to implement strategies tochange the self-evaluation taking place.

Question 3

If an individual threatens to kill himself; what is the first thing the counselor should do?

Answer 3

counselor should perform a risk assessment to determine whether there is imminent danger to the student. If the counselor determines that the student is actively suicidal, then measures should be taken to ensure his safety, such as hospitalization.

Question 4

Cultural encapsulation:

Answer 4

occurs when an individual holds a narrow viewpoint and refuses to take other perspectives or viewpoints into consideration. This often leads to stereotyping of other people who come from different backgrounds.

Question 5

Androgyny refers to:

Answer 5

the existence of both male and female physical characteristics, and some counselors provide androgynous counseling to help clients uncover both male and female characteristics on emotional and psychological levels.

Question 6

Sandra Bem’s Sex-Role Inventory found that:

Answer 6

about 30 percent of children and college students are androgynous

Question 7

Teenage suicide:

Answer 7

is a widespread public health problem; it is the third-leading cause of death among 10- to 24-year-olds.

Girls do tend to attempt suicide more often than boys, but boys are more successful and commit 80 percent of suicides. Though about 4,500 adolescents kill themselves every year, this rate has declined in recent years.

Question 8

Groups that are greatest risk of teen suicide?

Answer 8

At greatest risk of suicide in this age group are American Indian and Alaska Native youth

Question 9

Race :

Answer 9

refers to biological differences, such as physical features, that people use to differentiate minority and majority groups.

Question 10

Ethnicity:

Answer 10

refers to the language, practices, and beliefs of a group of people. Ethnicity is usually regionally or culturally based, whereas individuals of the same race may live in separate areas of the world and have drastically different cultural experiences.

Question 11

According to Strong’s social influence model of counseling:

Answer 11

the client may view the counselor as being the expert, in that the counselor has a special set of skills and experience; attractive, in that the client wants to gain the counselor’s approval; and trustworthy, in that the counselor is seen as caring and wanting to help. The counselor is generally not seen as authoritative, which refers to the right to exercise power over someone else.

Question 12

Worldviews define how:

Answer 12

individuals perceive their relationships to other individuals, institutions, objects, and the environment. Our attitudes, values, and beliefs make up our worldviews and affect how we interact with others, the decisions we make, how we interpret events, and how we behave.

Question 13

Emic worldviews:

Answer 13

refer to the belief that individuals and groups should be helped using their specific cultural lens.

Question 14

Etic worldviews:

Answer 14

in contrast, refer to the belief that there is a global understanding of humanity that can be applied to all individuals.

Question 15

Child maltreatment can refer:

Answer 15

to physical, emotional, psychological, or sexual abuse as well as neglect. Those children who are most at risk come from families under significant stress, such as single-parent families and those with few financial resources.

lower-income families are at greater risk of child maltreatment than middle-class families, and families with two caregivers areless likely to engage in child maltreatment than thosewith a single parent.

Question 16

YAVIS:

Answer 16

refers to desirable clients and stands for Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, and Successful.

William Schofield in his 1964 bookPsychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendshipin which he claimed to have demonstrated that mental health professionals often have a positive bias towards clients exhibiting the YAVIS traits.

Question 17

QUOID:

Answer 17

stands for Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent, and Dissimilar.

William Schofield in his 1964 bookPsychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendshipin which he claimed to have demonstrated that mental health professionals often have a positive bias towards clients exhibiting the YAVIS traits.

Question 18

William Schofield in his 1964 bookPsychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendship:

Answer 18

in which he claimed to have demonstrated that mental health professionals often have a positive bias towards clients exhibiting the YAVIS traits.

refers to desirable clients and stands for Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, and Successful.

Question 19

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) :

Answer 19

requires that all children between 3 and 21 be given free public education, that children with handicaps attending public school must be given an IEP (individualized education plan), that children with disabilities who attend private schools be eligible for special education services, and that children with handicaps be placed in the least restrictive environments possible. If a state meets the requirements of the law, IDEA also provides additional funds to serve eligible children from birth to age 2.

Question 20

humanistic life outlook:

Answer 20

based on the humanistic perspective, focuses on the positive aspects of human behavior. emphasizes the client’s ability to reach self-actualization. It is formed by a combination of formal education about various topics, such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; observational learning experiences, which can help build empathy and understanding; and interpersonal interactions.

Question 21

Prejudice refers to:

Answer 21

any preconceived judgments or opinions without sufficient knowledge, such as assuming that an individual is disrespectful and unmotivated based simply on his race and criminal background. Prejudice can be positive, butmost often it is thought of as a negative phenomenon.

Question 22

Percentage of Americans that identify as LGBT?

Answer 22

3.5%

Question 23

What age do children identify as being male or female?

Answer 23

by age 3

Question 24

believe that if clients do not release the pain and anger associated with oppression, they will not be able to achieve freedom.

Answer 24

Hanna and Cardona

Question 25

Counselors operating from a feminist therapy approach believe:

Answer 25

that gender is central to the therapeutic process, that women should be empowered, and that counselors should acknowledge the significance of the role of sociocultural influences. Clients should be seen in the context of their sociocultural environments rather than separate from those influences. Feminist therapists also believe that all clients are experts on themselves and their own experiences, that therapy can transform society as well as individuals, and that maladaptive symptoms are often types of survival strategies.

Question 26

Studies show that members of lower-class neighborhoods tend to be:

Answer 26

generous and share resources, typically with family and members of their communities, while members of higher classes are able to meet their own wants and needs first. Lower social classes do tend to have less access to education, healthcare, and transportation than members of higher classes.

Question 27

Racial/Cultural identity development model:

Answer 27

refers to a conceptual framework that helps counselors better understand clients who are of different cultures. There are five stages of development for individuals in the minority race or culture.

Question 28

Racial/Cultural identity Development Model: First Stage

Answer 28

conformity, is characterized by identification with the majority.

Question 29

Racial/Cultural identity Development Model: Second Stage

Answer 29

dissonance, is when the individual’s self-concept is challenged and there is a conflict between appreciation and depreciation of self.

Question 30

Racial/Cultural identity Development Model: Third Stage

Answer 30

resistance and immersion, is when the individual rejects the majority and accepts the minority views.

Question 31

Racial/Cultural identity Development Model: Fourth Stage

Answer 31

introspection, follows the intense emotions of the resistance and immersion stage and is more focused on self-appreciation.

Question 32

Racial/Cultural identity Development Model: Fifth Stage

Answer 32

integrative awareness, occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant and minority cultures.

Question 33

Assimilation:

Answer 33

refers to the phenomenon ofa person with a particular cultural background losing his or her own original values and behaviors due to being absorbed into the dominant group. Assimilation occurs often in families with children, because the children are more readily exposed to and influenced by the majority culture than their parents; this can create conflict within the family system.

Question 34

Acculturation:

Answer 34

is the extent to which a person with a particular cultural background incorporates the values and beliefs of the dominant culture (rather than becoming completely absorbed by the dominant culture).

Question 35

By 2050:

Answer 35

all minority groups combined will be larger than the non-Hispanic White population.

Question 36

U.S. population is over age 65:

Answer 36

14.5%

Question 37

median age in the U.S.:

Answer 37

is about 37.8 (the oldest ever).

Question 38

White privilege refers to:

Answer 38

the perception that many White individuals have that their lives are average and ideal. There are numerous advantages and entitlements that Whites experience, particularly White males, and these are often dismissed as part of the typical human experience.

Question 39

Systematic Eclecticism:

Answer 39

an approach to counseling that acknowledges the importance of feelings, thoughts, behaviors, cultural experiences, and societal influences, then applies those that are most relevant to the client(s)

Question 40

Transference:

Answer 40

occurs when a person redirects some of their feelings or desires for another person to an entirely different person

Question 41

Alfred Adler:

Answer 41

is known for his theory of how birth order can affect children throughout the lifespan. According to Adler, following the birth of a second child theolder sibling will likely seek comfort from the father. The oldest child can become perfectionist and authoritative, yet can learn to bear responsibility and be helpful to others.

Question 42

Known for his theory of how birth order can affect children throughout the lifespan.

Answer 42

Alfred Adler

Question 43

According to Adler, following the birth of a second child theolder sibling will likely:

Answer 43

seek comfort from the father.

Question 44

Over the past few decades, marriage rates have decreased for several reasons:

Answer 44

More couples are now cohabiting instead of or before getting married. Cohabitation also leads to increased age of first marriage and a higher number of children born out of wedlock. Currently, over 40 percent of all children are born to unmarried women

Question 45

Cultural pluralism refers to:

Answer 45

the large categories of people who may have special needs or concerns, such as women, gays and lesbians, children, racial groups, single-parent families, and many others.

Question 46

Multicultural counseling aims to:

Answer 46

pay close attention to (and provide interventions that are in accordance with) the client’s cultural beliefs, norms, and values.In order to be most effective with multicultural clients, counselors may need to be more deliberate about forming a positive rapport with the client by engaging in more small talk and sharing more personal information than they might with white clients.

Question 47

Robert Carkhuff developed a five-point scale for:

Answer 47

rating counselors’ responses depending on how empathetic the responses are, with Level 1 responses not attending to the client’s affect at all andLevel 5 responses adding significantly to the client’s affect and meaning.

Question 48

Which, male or female, most likely to seek out counseling?

Answer 48

Women, however, are more likely than men to seek out counseling, are generally more emotionally expressive than men, and are more susceptible to depression than men

Question 49

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:

Answer 49

occurs when individuals are expected to act a certain way, so circumstances are arranged that make it likely that those outcomes will occur.

Question 50

Attribution:

Answer 50

is the process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. Models to explain this process are calledattribution theory

Question 51

Reflection refers:

Answer 51

to the technique of repeating back to the client what he or she has said, but stressing the client’s emotional and/or affective experiences. This counselor is emphasizing the client’s feelings of frustration and discomfort while also helping the client to feel heard.

Question 52

Restatement:

Answer 52

is similar to reflection in that it consists of repeating back to the client what he or she just said, but emphasizes the cognitive rather than the emotional message.

Question 53

Congruence:

Answer 53

refers to either how authentically the counselor is communicating with the client, or how well the client’s behaviors and beliefs match.

Question 54

Confrontation:

Answer 54

occurs when the counselor identifies differences between the client’s verbal and nonverbal actions.

Question 55

Society Expectations of Men:

Answer 55

to be emotionally stoic, competitive, and physically active. Men are less likely than women to seek out counseling, and those in counseling are more likely to address their problems using cognitive rather than emotional processes. In counseling, men are typically more goal-oriented than women, though they can work with counselors to develop affective skills and improved communication.

Question 56

Class-bound values:

Answer 56

refer to characteristics that are more closely tied to social class than other factors. These can include the adherence to a 50-minute session, rather than allotting as much or as little time as the client needs; an unstructured approach to problems; and the seeking of long-range goals.

Question 57

Culture-bound values:

Answer 57

by contrast, refer to the degree of openness and intimacy expressed during counseling sessions, the communication patterns that are defined within the session, and the emphasis on verbal and emotional expressiveness.

Question 58

Types of communication that counselors pay attention to:

Answer 58

verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and paralanguage. Verbal communication refers simply to the words that people say and the content of their conversations. Nonverbal communication includes body language and other cues that sometimes contradict verbal messages. Paralanguage refers to vocal cues such as inflections, tones of voice, silences, hesitations, etc., rather than the content of discussions.

Question 59

Verbal communication:

Answer 59

refers simply to the words that people say and the content of their conversations.

Question 60

Nonverbal communication:

Answer 60

includes body language and other cues that sometimes contradict verbal messages.

Question 61

Paralanguage refers:

Answer 61

to vocal cues such as inflections, tones of voice, silences, hesitations, etc., rather than the content of discussions.

Question 62

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) :

Answer 62

give protection to children with disabilities in the public school system. IDEA requires that all children between 3 and 21 be given free public education, children with handicaps who attend public school must be given an IEP (individualized education plan), and children with disabilities who attend private schools are eligible for special education services. IDEA aimed to place children with handicaps in the least restrictive environments possible.

Question 63

Generation Xers:

Answer 63

1965 and 1976 and are also called the “baby busters.” This generation is typically characterized by wanting the facts and the right answers, wanting exciting jobs, seeking stimulation, and keeping options open.

Born 1965-1980 (Sometimes listed as 1965-1979)

Question 64

Generation Y, or the Millennial Generation:

Answer 64

which is multiculturally inclusive, self-confident, goal-oriented, and civic-minded.

Born 1981-1996 (Sometimes listed as 1980-2000)

Question 65

Program accountability:

Answer 65

is an important concept for counselors to understand, as it justifies theiractivities to populations served and to the sources of funding.

Question 66

Typical issues faced by older adults:

Answer 66

include the loss or illness of a spouse, increased leisure time, changing family roles, and physical changes.

Question 67

The most important factor in determining whether counseling will be successful is:

Answer 67

the relationship between counselor and client.

Question 68

is known for his focus on empathy, respect, and genuineness.

Answer 68

Carl Rogers

Question 69

Intrinsic motivation:

Answer 69

refers to the internal desire to be competent and to engage in a behavior simply because it is personallyrewarding. When individuals are intrinsically motivated, they do something to bring themselves internalsatisfaction or pleasure.

Question 70

Extrinsic motivation:

Answer 70

refers to the desire to do something because of external rewards (or not do it because of lack of rewards). Salary, allowance, and community service credits are all examples of extrinsic rewards.

Question 71

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for:

Answer 71

her research and development of the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Recent research shows that most people skip or come back to stages throughout the process of grieving.

Question 72

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross grief stages criticisms:

Answer 72

Criticisms include the assertion that the stages do not adequately represent the complexity of the dying person’s feelings and that the stages do not take into consideration the fact that feelings can be recurring.

Question 73

Assertiveness training:

Answer 73

empower individuals to stand up for themselves without undermining or denying others’ rights.

Assertiveness training helps individuals learn how to make their opinions and feelings known without becoming aggressive toward others, and it promotes expression of both positive and negative emotions

Question 74

Ageism:

Answer 74

is prejudice against someone based on their age.

Question 75

Nationalism:

Answer 75

is prejudice against non-natives in a country;

Question 76

Classism:

Answer 76

is prejudice against an individual based on socioeconomic status

Question 77

Ableism:

Answer 77

is prejudice against someone with handicaps or disabilities.

Question 78

Cognitive dissonance:

Answer 78

refers to the discord individuals feel when they hold inconsistent beliefs or attitudes, or when their behaviors are inconsistent with theirbeliefs or values.

Question 79

Familism :

Answer 79

refers to the value held by many cultures that prioritizes the role of families in individuals’ lives.

Question 80

Differentiation of Self:

Answer 80

which refers to how much a person’s beliefs differ from those of their family’s beliefs.

An individual with weak differentiation of self requires approval and acceptance from others in order to function, while someone with a strong differentiation of self is typically confident and sensible.

Question 81

Racial/Cultural Identity:

Answer 81

There are five stages of development for individuals in the minority race or culture: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant and minority cultures.

Question 82

Nuclear Family:

Answer 82

a married heterosexual couple and their children

Question 83

A more updated, inclusive definition of family is:

Answer 83

any small group of people who are related by blood or voluntarily choose to share their lives with each other.

Question 84

Due to longer life expectancy and the baby boom generation:

Answer 84

there is an increasing older population. This explains why, in 2010, there wereover 56 million Americans with disabilities, and this number is only expected to increase

Question 85

Myers, Witmer, and Sweeney Wheel of Wellness:

Answer 85

five life tasks: spirituality or essence, work and leisure, friendship, love, and self-direction.

Question 86

Gilbert Wrenn coined the term “cultural encapsulation” to refer to:

Answer 86

the tendency to disregard differences between cultures and individuals, the use of stereotypes in attempting to understand the world, and the implementation of only one type of technique with all counseling clients. Cultural encapsulation can severely limit the counselor’s effectiveness in effecting change, in understanding and joining with the client, and in developing his or her own self-awareness over time.

Question 87

Brown vs. the Board of Education prohibited segregation, leading to the need for:

Answer 87

educational personnel to develop cultural competency.

Question 88

By their very nature, collectivistic cultures value the:

Answer 88

contributions an individual makes to the culture, not their individual successes or failures.

Question 89

The just-world hypothesis is the tendency to attribute consequences to – or expect consequences as the result of –:

Answer 89

a universal force that restores moral balance.

Question 90

Dispositional attribution attributes behaviors to:

Answer 90

personality traits, attitudes and intelligence, while situational attribution considers external factors and the specific situation.

Question 91

Acculturation is the process of:

Answer 91

becoming adapted to a new or different culture. The process may involve adopting the language, values, attitudes, dress and behavior of the host culture.

Question 92

Therapeutic surrender occurs when:

Answer 92

a client from a different culture opens up and trusts, in this case, with the counselor.

Question 93

Cultural bias arises as a result of:

Answer 93

ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s culture is superior and/or normal, and other cultures are inferior or abnormal. Cultural bias can be reduced with research and education

Question 94

Most of the cultural bias in American psychology is done unintentionally by people who see themselves as:

Answer 94

good, who have good intentions and deny their racism.

Question 95

The salad bowl theory highlights:

Answer 95

the importance of mixing different types of people together but having them maintain their own individual identities (in contrast to the “melting pot” theory.)

Question 96

The steps to developing cultural competency are:

Answer 96

• Do a needs assessment of skill, knowledge and awareness
• identify specific objectives in each area
• learn and practice new behaviors
• evaluate skill, knowledge and awareness

Question 97

Ethnocentrism leads the counselor to think that his or her culture holds:

Answer 97

the correct values and beliefs. It is customary for Indian males to live with their parents until they wed.

Question 98

Mores are a set of:

Answer 98

norms and customs derived from generally accepted practices, not laws. Laws are strict and binding rules that are enforced by an authoritative body.

Question 99

A connotative error occurs when:

Answer 99

there is a misunderstanding about the meaning of a word, which may be based on culture.

Question 100

Counselors who match the client’s gender and culture offer the:

Answer 100

best chance of client retention and success.

Question 101

Strongest predictor of a person to be “introspective”?

Answer 101

Socio-economic status is the strongest predictor of ability to be introspective

Question 102

A minority is:

Answer 102

any group of people that differ from the majority group either culturally, ethnically racially or economically. The minority group will coexist among the majority group but will lack power and be subordinate to the dominate group. The “majority group” will often discriminate against the minority or subordinate groups

Question 103

Cultural Intuition is the:

Answer 103

immediate knowledge, sensation, connection and rapport that counselor may experience when encountering clients from their own culture. It is the empathy that a counselor may feel for the client that shares their cultural background.

Question 104

Historical Hostility represents the:

Answer 104

memory of negative treatment or a negative experience of a people’s ancestors that continues to impact their current relationship with others, especially those whose ancestors were participants or perpetrators of the violation or negative treatment of their ancestors. That memory is at the core of their attitudes and feelings of anger, fear or mistrust towards the members who ancestors were past perpetrators. For example, Native Americans today may still find it difficult to trust or forgive the government and or White-Americans for the atrocities afflicted upon them by their European ancestors who came to settle in America.

Question 105

A hate crime is a:

Answer 105

verbal or physical assault motivated by prejudice and the perception that the victim is a member of a minority group. Some groups are targeted for hate crimes because of their race, ethnicity, language, physical appearance, gender identity, sexual orientation, and or religion. Hate crimes are considered criminal acts that include but are not limited to physical attacks, verbal abuse or insults, harassment, bullying, hate mail or messages via mail, email, text or internet social media as well as damage to property.

Question 106

Institutional racism involves:

Answer 106

the social policies, laws, and regulations or an atmosphere that discriminates against minorities and whose purpose is to maintain the social or economic advantage of the racial/or ethnic group in power

Question 107

Cultural racism is the:

Answer 107

societal belief and customs that promote the assumption that the products of the dominant culture or majority group are superior in comparison to other minority groups and cultures.

Question 108

A stereotype is the:

Answer 108

thought process that assigns over-generalized characteristics or qualities to a group or an individual. A stereotype is an overly exaggerated or simplistic characterization that can be either positive or negative in nature but is most likely offensive because it denies a person or members of a group of being acknowledged for their individual uniqueness and judges them based on the generalization rather facts. Stereotypes are faulty, rigid, conditioned beliefs based on limited experience and understanding of the individual or group.

Question 109

Ethnocentrism is the belief that:

Answer 109

one’s group (family, country, belief system) is right and or superior and must be defended. It is the thought process of judging other cultures based on the values or standards of one’s own culture.

Question 110

Denial of racism is the:

Answer 110

lack of awareness or the ignoring of racism where racism actually exists or affects an individual or another group. It is the inability to empathize with a person or group who are claiming to experience or be victimized by racism.

Question 111

Marginalization is a form:

Answer 111

of oppression. A group is denied access to resources that would allow them to exist equitably among other groups or cultures.

Question 112

Exploitation is a form of:

Answer 112

oppression where the dominant group takes economical advantaged of a minority for their skills and expertise. Exploitation creates unjust power relations when workers’ energies and capacities are controlled by and appropriated for the benefit of other people.

Question 113

When minority groups are violently targeted:

Answer 113

the act of violence itself becomes a tool of oppression. The targeted group does not have to necessarily experience physical violence to be victimized. The oppression can also take the form of harassment, humiliation, degradation or bullying of an individual. Threats can be verbal or sexual in nature and can often imply some physical threat.

Question 114

Why are minorities diagnosed more often with mental health disorders?

Answer 114

Racial and ethnic minorities tend to be diagnosed with mental health disorders at a much higher rate than whites because diagnosis is not always done within a cultural context

Question 115

Can be verbal or non-verbal. They allow the client to know that you are listening and interested and encouraged continued conversation:

Answer 115

General leads

Question 116

occurs when a therapist remembers a positive or negative past experience in their own life triggered by a client’s situation or personality characteristics. Awareness of this is crucial to proper handling of the therapist’s emotions so as to not disrupt the therapeutic process:

Answer 116

Countertransference

Question 117

is an unconscious process that occurs to everyone in many situations in life. It is a relationship, and only part of it, that transfers, not the person:

Answer 117

Transference

Question 118

Movement synchrony is the:

Answer 118

mirroring of body language between two people who are communicating. Movement complementarity is paired movement between two people (one person talks, the other nods the head). Movement dissynchrony is a discrepancy in nonverbal behavior.

Question 119

Cognitions are defined as:

Answer 119

people’s thoughts, beliefs, ideas and attitudes towards themselves, others as well as their perception of the world around them

Question 120

Are beliefs and attitudes that provide direction to everyday living.

Answer 120

Values

Honesty, integrity, compassion, courage, honor, patriotism and respect are some of the common values.

Question 121

Are concerned with perspectives of right and proper conduct and involves an evaluation of actions on the basis of some broader cultural context or religious standard.

Answer 121

Morals

Question 122

is about action or decision; where our action is consistent with our beliefs or values, we say we are acting ethically. If we do not act in accordance with our values or beliefs, we say we are acting unethically.

Answer 122

Ethics

Question 123

Ethics is defined on a:

Answer 123

societal, not individual, level