Areas of Clinical Focus Flashcards
1
Q
Self Efficacy
A
an individual’s belief that he or she can perform some necessary task, frequently affects the career decision-making process
2
Q
Psychosexual Stage: Oral
A
birth - 1 year old
Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc.
Orally passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices[4]
Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulative personality.
3
Q
Psychosexual Stage: Anal
A
1 - 3 years old
Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat
Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac
4
Q
Psychosexual Stage: Phallic
A
3 - 6 years old
Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud. Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. Promiscuity and low self-esteem in both sexes.
5
Q
Psychosexual Stage: Latency
A
6 - puberty
Immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling non-sexual relationships as an adult if fixation occurs in this stage.
6
Q
Psychosexual Stage: Genital
A
puberty - death
Frigidity, impotence, sexual perversion, great difficulty in forming a healthy sexual relationship with another person
7
Q
John Holland
A
Career theory that career choice is an expression of personality
8
Q
John Holland: Realistic Type
A
doers (explicit tasks requiring physical work, e.g., mechanic)
9
Q
John Holland: Investigative Type
A
thinkers (intellectual and prefers systematic, creative activities)
10
Q
John Holland: Artistic Type
A
creators
11
Q
John Holland: Social Type
A
helpers (enjoys interacting with and helping others)
12
Q
John Holland: Enterprising Type
A
persuaders (prefers leadership roles)
13
Q
John Holland: Conventional Type
A
organizers (practical and ordered)
14
Q
World-of-Work-Map
A
a tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks involvingpeople, data, things, and ideas.
15
Q
Ego-syntonic
A
refers to instincts or ideas that are acceptable to the self; that are compatible with one’s values and ways of thinking. They are consistent with one’s fundamental personality and beliefs.
16
Q
ego-Dysntonic
A
Ego-dystonic refers to thoughts, impulses, and behaviors that are felt to be repugnant, distressing, unacceptable or inconsistent with one’s self-concept.
17
Q
Prevalence
A
refers to how many, or what percent, of a population is affected by something. In this situation, there is an 8% prevalence rate of depression.
18
Q
Incidence
A
is the number of new cases that occur within a given time frame.
19
Q
Prognosis
A
is the anticipated course of a disorder, and etiology refers to the factor(s) that cause a disorder.
20
Q
What does a mental status exam include?
A
typically includes appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, and sensorium
21
Q
Sensorium
A
refers to the client’s ability to be aware of the location, the time, and their identity.
22
Q
H B Gelatt presentsa five-step process for making decisions about careers:
A
recognize the need to make a decision, collect data, examine potential outcomes, attend to your value system, and make a temporary or permanent decision.
23
Q
How can we change the amount of neurotransmitters in the brain?
A
Counseling:
through counseling with various techniques and approaches, the rate and amounts of neurotransmitters in the brain can change.
through participation in cognitive behavioral therapy the levels of these neurotransmitters can be increased, resulting in alleviation of symptoms.
24
Q
Linda Gottfredson
A
is known for her career development theory “Circumscription and Compromise,” which focuses on children’s vocational development processes.
25
Mark Savickas'
theory of career counseling is based on career construction theory, and he believes career counselors assist clients in making sense of their life and work.
26
Prognosis
hey are referring to the likelihood that the individual will recover, stabilize, or otherwise be able to function in the future.
27
Etiology
refers to the cause of a disorder.
28
Prevalence
is what proportion of the population has a disorder.
29
Incidence
is how many new cases occur within a given time frame.
30
Five Categories of Behavioral Disruption DSM-5
feeding and eating disorders, elimination disorders, sleep-wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and paraphilic disorders.
31
Linda Gottfredson "Circumscription and Compromise."
vocational self-concept develops in childhood and influences occupational selection
4 Stages:
- orientation to size and power (ages 3-5)
- orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8)
- orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13)
- orientation to internal unique self (ages 14 and up)
32
Linda Gottfredson: orientation to size and power (ages 3-5)
When children think concretely and begin thinking about occupations they might like
33
Linda Gottfredson: orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8)
when children learn that occupations are sex-typed and performed primarily by one sex or the other
34
Linda Gottfredson: orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13)
when children realize that occupations vary in social value and desirability
35
Linda Gottfredson: orientation to internal unique self (ages 14 and up)
when adolescents reflect on their own values and interests and use these to inform occupational decisions
36
Donald Super's Vocational Development Stages
growth, exploratory, establishment, maintenance, and decline
37
Donald Super: growth
development of capacity and interests
38
Donald Super: exploratory
tentative choices made
39
Donald Super: establishment
trial and stabilization
40
Donald Super: maintenance
adjustment process
41
Donald Super: decline
retirement
42
Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust
infant - 18 months
Virtue: hope
Can I trust the world?
43
Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame
2 - 3 years
Virtue: will
Is it okay to be me?
44
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt
3 - 6 years
Virtue: purpose
Is okay for me to do, move, and act?
45
Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority
6 - 11 years
Virtue: competence
Can I make it in the world of people and things?
46
Erikson: Identitiy vs. Confusion
12 - 18 years
Virtue: fidelity
Who am I? Who can I be?
47
Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation
19 - 40 years
Virtue: love
Can I love?
48
Erikson: Generativity vs. Stagnation
40 - 65 years
Virtue: care
Can I make my life count?
49
Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair
65 - death
Virtue: wisdom
Is it okay to have been me?
50
Career counselors often classify leisure activities as:
compensatory or spillover
51
Compensatory activities
are those that are very different than those done on the job; an example might be a history professor who spends his free time rock-climbing and running marathons.
52
Spillover activities
are the same types of activities that are done on the job; an example of spillover might be a psychologist who spends her free time reading books about cognitive development.
53
Outplacement counseling
is a form of career counseling offered to employees who are going to be terminated. Various components of outplacement counseling include assessment, career counseling, assistance with job-seeking skills, and help finding a new place of employment.
54
Career counselors who operate from a social cognitive perspective attempt to:
strengthen self-efficacy by exposing clients to learning experiences such as vicarious learning (modeling), social persuasion, personal performance accomplishments, and the client's physiological states and reactions.
55
Multidimensional models typically are based on:
the belief that disorders are interrelated factors that affect the individual's behaviors and feelings.
four dimensions: biology, which includes genetics and brain chemistry; cognition, which refers to how individuals learn and process information; emotions and mood; and sociocultural factors
56
Common issues for stay-at-home parents wishing to return to the workforce:
a lack of self-confidence in the job market, poor job-seeking skills, and, at times, no support system.
57
Learning theories
include behavioral theories, social learning theories, and information-processing theories. All of these concepts attempt to explain how humans grow and develop by observing and learning behaviors and responses from others.
58
Cognitive theories
include cognitive behavior therapy and other approaches that aim to change the individual's thoughts.
59
Humanistic theories
are client-centered and emphasize an individual's potential for self-growth.
60
Psychoanalytic theories
Feud
focus on the unconscious drives and feelings of individuals as the source of problematic behavior.
61
Ann Roe
believed that the parent-child relationship was a central determinant in career selection. Ann Roe operated from a needs approach and believed that individuals choose careers to meet needs based on parental influences and early childhood experiences. However, there is not a significant base of research to support this theory.
62
Conduct disorder
is under the DSM-5 umbrella category of disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. These typically appear first in childhood or adolescence and include severe problems with emotional and/or behavioral regulation. Conduct disorder can be diagnosed when individuals meet certain criteria such as aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deception or theft, and/or serious violations of rules.
63
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
is published every other year and offers information about current salaries and projected trends. This would be the best way for this particular client to narrow down his options for an occupation based on salary, educational requirements, and future job projections.
64
Percentage of American that believe in a higher power?
90 percent of Americans believe in a higher power, counselors should be prepared to discuss issues of spirituality with their clients. This might require counselors to explore matters regarding their own spiritual beliefs, and counselors may have to work to familiarize themselves with a variety of spiritual issues.
65
What is a Mental status exam?
is to gather information about the client's overall functioning. Components of the exam include appearance and behavior, mood and affect, thought processes, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. Mood and affect include the client's facial expressions and other nonverbal expressions of emotion along with statements that reflect their feelings.
66
Organismic development
is the belief that the individual (or other organism) is involved in the development. This can lead to change or discontinuity depending on the individual. Ethical development and moral development are both regarded as organismic development.
67
Tested interests
are those measured by assessments or tests, such as an inventory that shows how a client's strengths match those needed in the social work profession.
68
Manifested interests
are those that can be observed, such as a person's course of study, past jobs held, and activities the person likes.
69
Expressed interests
are interests that an individual reports.
70
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders :
caused by being involved in, witnessing, or otherwise being exposed to one or more traumatic events.
71
Clients with dissociative disorders
are those who experience disruptions in the normal integration of behavior, consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, and motor control.Dissociative disorders are common in individuals who have experienced trauma. They are often comorbid with depression, anxiety, and substance use as well as suicidal and self-injurious behavior
72
contextualist viewpoint
aim to assist individuals in making meaning of their own situations.
73
Gender-variant
individuals are those whose behavior and gender expression does not match feminine and masculine gender norms.
74
Daniel Goleman proposed
that intelligence includes emotional intelligence is seen in those who understand social cues, have empathy for others, develop positive interpersonal relationships, and are self-motivated. Emotional intelligence operates separately from cognitive intelligence, which includes reasoning and thinking processes.
75
Meta-analyses
compare research findings across studies in order to bring together as much information as possible about a specific question.
76
Urie Bronfenbrenner
is known for his ecological view of human development
important to examine all systems impacting an individual.
A school-aged child is not only affected by his family and school, but also by his neighborhood, peers, and other groups.
77
Albert Bandura
developed social learning theory, which combines social and cognitive factors.
78
William Perry
is known for his work in combining intellectual and ethical development.
79
Daniel Levinson
is known for his work in defining developmental tasks during major stages of life.
80
Tiedeman (on career developement)
believed that each stage of career decision making consists of two phases, either Anticipation or Preoccupation and Implementation or Adjustment. The individual's task is to differentiate the ego, resolve psychosocial crises, and process developmental tasks in order to successfully navigate career development.
81
William Perry's scheme
was used to explain college students' journeys through intellectual and moral development, and has evolved to apply to other groups of people as well. Perry explains that there are three categories -- dualism, discovery of relativism, and commitment to relativism -- and nine positions spread across these categories. The final position is sometimes called post-commitment, when individuals realize that commitments are evolving and can sometimes be contradictory.
82
Freud describes five psychosexual stages of development:
Freud describes five psychosexual stages of development: the oral stage, which lasts from birth to 18 months; the anal stage, ages 2 to 3; the phallic stage, ages 3 to 5; the latency stage, from age 5 to puberty; and the genital stage, which begins at puberty and lasts through adulthood.
83
Career counseling process:
establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan
84
Rates of unemployment often depend on the
cultural/ethnic group. Black males experience the highest levels of unemployment, while white males have the lowest unemployment rates, followed by white females, Hispanic males, Hispanic females, and black females.
85
Donald Super Career Rainbow:
His life-career rainbow acknowledges the eight life roles that many people hold (homemaker, spouse, parent, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, and child) and helps people think about the work/life balance in their lives.
86
A positive-reinforcing stimulus:
is a reward that, sometimes unintentionally, maintains or increases a behavior.
87
A punishment, or negative-reinforcing stimulus:
results in weakening or termination of the undesired behavior. Classical conditioning is the process of forming an association between two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.
88
Gail Sheehy
is known for her claim that life stages are marked by transitional periods that are likely to be different for each individual. Sheehy saw these stages as opportunities for growth, because crises challenge individuals to make positive changes.
89
Projection:
a type of defense mechanism, occurs when a person attributes their own feelings and urges to another person. In this situation, the wife is so uncomfortable expressing her own feelings that she accuses her husband of not expressing his.
90
Denial:
is the inability to recognize significant factors in one's life.
91
Repression:
occurs when someone forgets as a way of coping with uncomfortable feelings.
92
Reaction formation :
is when someone takes on feelings that are the opposite of what he or she actually feels.
93
Systematic desensitization:
is based on the theory of reciprocal inhibition, the belief that a person cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time. The goal of systematic desensitization is to associate negative stimuli that cause anxiety with positive events. In this type of intervention, images that the client finds anxiety-provoking are paired with muscle relaxation and other techniques.
94
Changes to DSM 4 to 5:
The DSM-5 was published in 2013 and includes many changes to the previous version, the DSM-IV-TR. One of the most significant changes is the removal of the multiaxial classification system. Additional changes to the newest DSM include the expansion of the list of V codes, the replacement of Not Otherwise Specified with Unspecified Disorder or Other Specified Disorder, and many changes to the classification of disorders. There is a chapter on bipolar disorders in both the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5.
95
Career counseling
focuses on the individual's career development, paying special attention to values and attitudes. Career counseling also focuses on self-understanding in the context of decision-making.
96
Career guidance
helps individuals learn what opportunities are available and typically focuses more on logistics than career counseling. Both approaches are important and relevant to finding rewarding and sustainable careers.
97
Regression:
is the return to a much younger psychological and emotional state due to overwhelming feelings. In this situation, the client is so overwhelmed by the feelings associated with her trauma that she retreats to a much more immature state. If skilled, the counselor can use this defense as a way of helping the client through the trauma.
98
Introjection :
is the process of using fantasy to identify the expression of an impulse.
99
Repression :
is the act of forgetting or denying an idea that creates anxiety or other uncomfortable feelings.
100
Propinquity:
is often one of the main factors leading to romantic attraction between individuals. It refers to the proximity between people who live or work near each other. The propinquity effect, therefore, is the tendency for people to form relationships with others they encounter often.
101
Frank Parsons:
, also known as the "Father of Guidance," developed the trait-factor approach to career counseling. This approach requires the career counselor to study the individual, survey the occupations, and then match the person with an occupation. The trait-factor approach was later refined by E. G. Williamson.
102
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma (also known as the Ginzberg group):
believed occupational choice moved through three different stages: fantasy , tentative , and realistic .
103
Neurocognitive disorders:
such as Alzheimer's disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and intellectual disabilities, most likely have a biological basis. Neurocognitive disorders tend to appear later in life, while neurodevelopmental disorders begin in childhood.
104
Proponents of contextualism believe:
that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment. Contextualists assert that individuals cannot be separated from their environments and that reality is created by individuals' perceptions and ways of organizing information. From a contextualism standpoint, the goal of career counseling is for the individual to make sense of his or her situation.
105
According to the DSM-5, depressive disorders include:
major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
106
Encore careers:
refer to those times when, for different reasons, retired workers return to work. Most of the time encore workers do not return to their former employer but find some other kind of employment.
107
Jean Piaget
was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down human development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages
108
Jean Piaget - Senosorimotor
Birth to 18–24 months old
Motor activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial and error.
Goal: Object Permanance
109
Jean Piaget - Preoperational
2 to 7 years old
Development of language, memory, and imagination. Intelligence is both egocentric and intuitive.
Goal: Symbolic thought
110
Jean Piaget - Concrete Operational
7 to 11 years old
More logical and methodical manipulation of symbols. Less egocentric, and more aware of the outside world and events.
Goal: Operational thought
111
Jean Piaget - Formal Operational
Adolescence to adulthood
Use of symbols to relate to abstract concepts. Able to make hypotheses and grasp abstract concepts and relationships.
Goal: Abstract concepts
112
Sigmund Freud is best known for:
his development of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory.
113
John Bowlby is notable for:
his development of attachment theory and a focus on relationships in early childhood.
114
John Crites' model of career counseling is:
a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to make three diagnoses of the problem. These diagnoses include differential (what are the problems?), dynamic (why have the problems occurred?), and decisional (how are the problems being dealt with?). Crites also believed that once the career problem has been diagnosed, the counselor should provide client-centered counseling, psychodynamic techniques, and trait-factor and behavioral approaches.
115
John Krumboltz developed :
the learning theory of career counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's social learning theory. Because learning experiences over an individual's lifetime influence career choice, the career counselor may need to challenge the individual's beliefs and generalizations.
116
Jean Piaget is known for :
his work studying cognitive development in children and adults. Piaget used the term "schema" to refer to mental structures that process information, perceptions, and experiences.
117
The Dance of Intimacy (1990), Harriet Lerner:
presents the idea that women need to seek to establish a healthy balance between investment in others and investment in oneself. Lerner stresses the point that relationships should be based on mutual respect and appreciation, and that women should be independent and assertive.
118
Resistance should be:
met directly in a confrontational way. Confrontation does not have to be rude or disrespectful, however, and the counselor can make gentle yet firm statements about her observations. In this way, the counselor models for all the group members how to handle conflict in a helpful, non-threatening way.
119
Self-efficacy theory posits:
that career success depends on how much an individual believes he or she can be successful. This theory states that whether a behavior will be initiated, how much energy will go into this behavior, and how persistent the individual will be are dependent on the individual's expectations.
120
fixed ratio schedule:
reinforces a certain response after a fixed number of responses.
121
fixed interval schedule:
reinforces the responses after a certain period of time
122
variable interval:
reinforces after an average number of minutes, and a variable ratio reinforces after an average number of responses.
123
Fastest growing occupational categories are predicted to be:
health care and professional occupations registered nurses, personal care aides, and retail salespersons.
The slowest growing occupations will be postal service clerks, locomotive firers, and lumber workers.
College professors will likely stay the same or grow slightly.
124
Abraham Maslow:
20th century American psychologist, is known for his theory that individuals' needs can be ranked on a pyramid, with the most important needs at the bottom. This Hierarchy of Needs places physiological and safety needs (food, shelter, medical care, etc.) at the bottom, implying that these needs must be met before higher level emotional needs (love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization) can be met.
125
Gesell's maturationist theory
is based on the belief that human development is governed by an individual's genetic composition.
126
H B Gelatt:
focused on the balance between reason and intuition when making career decisions and is termed "Positive Uncertainty."
127
Edward Thorndike:
developed the law of effect, which states that when a reward follows a stimulus-response connection, the connection is strengthened. Therefore, the law of effect determines the probability of a behavior being repeated based on its consequences.
128
Play therapy:
is best suited for children who lack the verbal and emotional maturity to talk about their feelings. Instead. they express their feelings, act out goals, and direct their own lives through play. Counselors can then comment on the child's play and help them organize the play to best resolve their feelings.
129
Human development theory:
is the study of human beings from their conception to their death including the transitions and variables that influence the direction and outcome of their development.
130
Four major areas of human development:
are biological development, cognitive development, social development and emotional development.
131
Erikson-Assimilation:
is a cognitive developmental occurrence when a child sees only similarities of objects, but not differences.
132
Erikson-Accommodation:
occurs when disequilibrium results from schemas that do not match and the schema needs adjusting.
133
Egocentrism:
children between ages of 2 and 7 attribute that which happens in the environment to themselves.
134
Erikson-Object permanence:
is a task associated with the sensorimotor stage, which allows a child to know an object is there, even if it's hidden because they have developed a mental representation of it.
135
Erikson-Conservation :
is a developmental task associated with the concrete operations stage which allows children to understand that the thing itself is no different, even though its appearance changes.
136
Abstract thinking is indicative of:
Abstract thinking is indicative of the formal operations stage when ideas can be manipulated in the head, without dependence on concrete manipulation
137
Inferential reasoning means:
having a mental representation of something without dependence on concrete manipulation.
138
Assimilation is:
the concept of generalizing learned mental models; object permanence is the task of understanding something is still there even when it is hidden.
139
Conservation is:
the developmental task of understanding that a thing itself is no different, even if its appearance is.
140
According to Bowlby the critical period for attachment is:
the first two years of life
During this phase, a child must have consistent love and attention from a primary caregiver, usually the mother.
141
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development: Preconventional
Stage 1: A punishment and obedience orientation exists.
Stage 2: An instrumental and hedonistic orientation prevails
(obtaining rewards).
142
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development: Conventional
Stage 3: Interpersonal acceptance orientation prevails;
maintaining good relations, approval of others.
Stage 4: A law and order orientation exists; conformity to legitimate authorities.
143
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development: Post Conventional
Stage 5: Social contracts and utilitarian orientation exists; most values and rules are relative.
Stage 6: A self-chosen principled orientation prevails; universal ethical principles apply.
144
Piaget: Schemas:
are ways of conceptualizing learned concepts, in order to generalize them and expand learning.
145
Piaget believed that the stages of cognitive development are:
universal and occurring similarly, regardless of culture and other factors. Piaget did observe and document his own children and interviewed and observed some older children and adolescents. Piaget stated that these stages build upon one another, and none can be missed, but some may never be reached.
146
Conservation is:
realizing that an item itself does not change, even if its appearance does. Another example of this is a child thinking that there is less candy if you break a row of ten candies into two rows of five.
147
Animism is:
the tendency of children in the pre-operations stage to attribute human emotions to inanimate objects.
148
Egocentrism is:
to only be able to see things from one perspective.
149
Inferential reasoning is:
the ability to think abstractly without the dependence on concrete manipulation.
150
Object permanence is :
the ability to understand that something is present even if it's hidden.
151
Monotropy is a:
maternal-infant bond, when a mother feels as if she can only bond with one child at a time. For instance, when a mother births twins and brings one home earlier than the other, and later feels less connected to the twin brought home second. The twin brought home second maybe more apt to fail to thrive
152
How many reach true self actualization?
only one in 100 people become self-actualized due to them getting caught up in our society's rewards of belonging and social needs.
153
Rising death rates by injury for children happen when?
Death rates by injury rise in mid to late adolescence and then fall again
154
Those fixated at the oral stage tend to:
engage in oral behavior (eating, smoking, etc) when stressed.
155
Those fixated at the phallic stage :
can have confused sex role development.
156
Those fixated at the genital stages:
can have sexual addictions, but generally healthy heterosexual development (according to Freud) discourages any fixation at this stage.
157
According to Freud, the following words are sequentially analogous to these words: id, ego, superego:
Need, reason, conscience
158
Non-normative life event describes a:
significant event in a person's life that can be considered unexpected or unpredictable and would not have been anticipated by the individual at that point in their life span.
159
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Human Development: micro-system
The micro-system is described as the child's immediate group or surroundings that impacts their development such as family, school, peers and the neighborhood.
160
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Human Development: meso-system
The meso-system refers to the influence of a slightly broader environment that interconnects with the microsystem that includes extended family members, peers, religious institutions, health institutions and the greater community.
161
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Human Development: exo-system
The exo- system branches out even further to encompass the link between a social setting in which the child does not have an active role in but still is a source of influence in the child's development such as media, government, legal system or social welfare system.
162
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Human Development: macro-system
The macro-system describes an individual's culture and the various sources of influential ideologies such as history, laws, economic influences and social conditions.
163
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Human Development: chrono-system
Chrono-systems are the patters of environmental events and the changes that take place over time.
164
Identification is the act of:
internally adopting the values, attitudes or behaviors of another person.
Oedipus Complex where the boys develops sexual desire for his mother and fears that his father would find out. Freud believes that how little boys work to resolve this conflict is that they learn to identify with their fathers by joining or imitating their masculine behavior as an attempt to identify with them.
165
B.F. Skinner identified the term operant conditioning to describe:
the changing of behavior through the use of reinforcement which is used to encourage the desired response.
166
B.F. Skinner - Reinforcements:
reinforcements are responses from the environment that motivate or increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated. Reinforcements can be either positive or negative.
167
B.F. Skinner - Positive reinforcement
involves the addition of something of value to motivate or reward the targeted behavior to ensure that it is repeated.
168
B.F. Skinner - Negative reinforcement
is when the response is designed to stop, remove, prevent, avoid or escape a negative stimuli or a negative outcome
169
Harry Harlow:
(Harry Monkey) worked with rhesus monkeys and focused his research on attachment studies. Harry removed infant monkeys from their mothers and placed them on either a cloth mother or wire mother substitute. He found that the infant monkeys stayed close to the cloth monkey for perceived comfort over the wire mother, which provided nourishment.
170
James Marcia- Identity-Diffusion:
is a status that characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity.
171
James Marcia- Identity-Foreclosure status:
is the status for those who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options.
172
James Marcia- Identity-Moratorium status:
is a status that describes those who are exploring in an attempt to establish an identity but have yet to have made any commitment.
173
James Marcia- Identity-Achievement status:
refers to the status for those who, after exploration, have made a commitment.
174
Habituation is:
a type of learning in which the individual has a gradually reduced response to familiar and repeated stimuli.
175
Dishabituation is:
a type of learning in which the individual has an increased response to familiar and repeated stimuli.
176
Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation - Secure:
A child who is securely attached to its parent will explore and play freely while the caregiver is present, using her as a "secure base" from which to explore. The child will engage with the stranger when the caregiver is present, and may be visibly upset when the caregiver departs but happy to see the caregiver on his or her return.
177
Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation - Insecure ambivalent:
A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment pattern will avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there.
178
Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation - Insecure avoidance:
Children classified as Anxious-Ambivalent/Resistant (C) showed distress even before separation, and were clingy and difficult to comfort on the caregiver's return.
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Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation -Disorganized:
Ainsworth herself was the first to find difficulties in fitting all infant behavior into the three classifications used in her Baltimore study. Ainsworth and colleagues sometimes observed "tense movements such as hunching the shoulders, putting the hands behind the neck and tensely cocking the head, and so on.
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Erikson identified 4 types of generativity:
biological, parental, technical and cultural.
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Erikson - Biological Generativity:
Biological generativity is the reproduction of the next generation or having children.
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Erikson - Biological Parental:
Parental generativity is raising, or parenting, the next generation.
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Erikson - Biological Technical:
Technical generativity relates to teaching or mentoring the next generation
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Erikson - Biological Cultural:
cultural generativity is the transmission of cultural values to the next generation.
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Parten described 6 types of play in her 1932 research:
unoccupied play, solitary play, onlooker play, parallel play, associative play and cooperative play.
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Baumrind's Parenting Styles:
authoritarian, authoritative, and indulgent/permissive
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Baumrind's Parenting Styles - authoritarian:
Authoritarian parents are often concerned with doing things correctly, as they are raised with many rules and in a military-style environment.
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Baumrind's Parenting Styles - authoritative :
Authoritative parents set limits and boundaries but have some flexibility with parenting.
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Baumrind's Parenting Styles - indulgent/permissive:
Indulgent/Permissive parents - characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child. "Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them"
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Transitive inference is a:
form of seriation and involves the ability to place things in logical order mentally.
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Pendulum problem:
a Piagetian task used to assess cognitive development. The participant is asked to work out what governs the speed of an object swinging on a piece of string. The ability to systematically examine the variables (length, weight, force of drop, height of drop) generally appears in early adolescence and is evidence of hypothetico-deductive reasoning, which marks the formal operational stage of development.
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Personal fable is an:
adolescent belief that they are new and unique and that no other human has ever felt as they are feeling. It also leads some adolescents to engage in very risky behaviors.
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Egocentricism is an:
adolescent's inability to distinguish their own thoughts and thinking from that of others, and the imaginary audience is the belief that others are paying attention to the adolescent's appearance and behavior.
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Rooting reflex is a:
primitive reflex designed to assist an infant in locating nourishment. When presented with a stimuli on the face, or on the cheek, an infant will reflexively turn its head so that the source of the stimuli is in its mouth, as the child 'roots' for a nipple.
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Boys who experience early-onset puberty:
often have social benefits from being the tallest and strongest in their peer group.
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Girls who experience either early onset or late onset puberty are:
at high risk for developing body image and social issues, as are boys who experience late-onset puberty.
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Leading cause of death for African American adolescent males:
By the time they reach adolescence, African American males' leading cause of death is homicide.
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Storm of Stress:
Only 1 in 5 adolescents experience the "Storm and Stress".
a time of emotional turmoil, conflict within the family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior and a rejection of adult values.
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Laura Carstensen's Socioemotional Selectivity Theory states that:
as adults age, they become more selective in who they spend their time with, choosing activities and people from which they draw emotional support and enjoyment.
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Kubler-Ross' Stages of Dying in correct order:
The correct order is Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance, although Kubler-Ross and other researchers have cautioned that not all individuals go through all stages and many individuals move back and forth across the stages
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Cognitive Dissonance:
the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.
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Milgram's research on obedience:
Milgram's research is that obedience decreases when the distance between the teacher and the learner decreases. Same guy that showed that people will do unethical things when authority figure tells them to.. shifting blame
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Adaptive conservatism:
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different is
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Special populations are:
groups of people who may share symptoms related to trauma or problematic life situations but do not necessarily pass these issues on from generation to generation. Special populations are diverse groups of people whose needs are unique to their condition or situation.
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Racial micro-aggressions are:
brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicates hostile, derogatory or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color.
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Micro-invalidations are:
communications that exclude, negate, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential realities of a person of color. When Black people are told, "I don't see color" or "We are all human beings," the effect is to negate their experiences as racial/cultural beings.
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Prejudice is an:
emotional response, usually based on fear, mistrust, and/or ignorance, which is directed at other racial, ethnic, religious, national or cultural groups. Prejudice is having negative attitudes or stereo-typical beliefs about the groups who are considered inferior.
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Minority Identity Development Model - PRE-ENCOUNTER STAGE:
Individuals are programmed to perceive and think of the world as being non-minority or anti-minority and act in ways that devalue their minority development
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Minority Identity Development Model - :ENCOUNTER STAGE
Individuals begin to gain awareness of what it means to be minority, and they begin to validate themselves in terms of minority identity.
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Minority Identity Development Model -IMMERSION STAGE :
Individuals reject all nonminority values and fully immerse themselves in minority culture.
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Minority Identity Development Model -INTERNALIZATION STAGE :
Individuals develop a secure and self-confident minority identity and are also comfortable expressing
preferences and interests for experiences from non-minority cultures.
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Feud's pre-conscious mind:
The pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds.
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Suppression is:
the conscious blocking of memories.
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Repression is :
the unconscious blocking of memories, resulting in loss of memory for an event.
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Projection occurs:
when the individual assigns their own undesirable emotions or traits to another.
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Displacement is :
the shifting of energy directed at an inappropriate target to a safer one, in this case, from his wife to the door.
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Reaction formation is:
exhibited when the individual expresses the opposite feeling, emotion or impulse of that which causes the anxiety. Example: you are gay and lash out at gay people
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Sublimation is:
when the frustrating target is replaced with a positive target.
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Identification occurs when:
a person takes on the qualities of another person or role to reduce the fear and anxiety toward that person or themselves. (You are your job title etc.)
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Adler's Fictions:
over generalizing events in childhood to all situations and thinking everything is the same or alike, developing a false sense of security which causes people pleasing behavior, and the misperceptions of life and life's demands.
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Games are:
Learned patterns of behavior. Games are played for a variety of reasons: to make people predictable, to acquire ego strokes, to confirm an unhealthy belief and perpetuate it, among others.
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Games- First Degree:
First degree games are played in social circles and may end up causing upset, but not major trauma.
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Games- Second Degree:
Second degree games occur when the stakes are higher, occur in more intimate settings and are more harmful.
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Games- Third Degree:
Third degree games are the most severe, with the most serious results, like ending up in the hospital or jail.
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change model (Transtheoretical model) - Precontemplation:
Not ready - "People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and can be unaware that their behavior is problematic"
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change model (Transtheoretical model) - Contemplation:
Getting Ready - "People are beginning to recognize that their behavior is problematic, and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions"
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change model (Transtheoretical model) - Preparation:
Ready - People are intending to take action in the immediate future, and may begin taking small steps toward behavior change"
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change model (Transtheoretical model) - Action:
"People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behavior or in acquiring new healthy behaviors"
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change model (Transtheoretical model) - Maintenance:
"People have been able to sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent relapse"
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Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change model (Transtheoretical model) - Termination:
"Individuals have zero temptation and they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of coping"
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Psychodynamic Theory (Frued) says depression is:
Freud was once quoted as saying that depression represents anger that has been turned inward at the self. It is not biologically based, or genetically based but psychically repressed in and needs to be released
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Catastrophizing is:
the irrational belief that something is far worse that it really is. There are two forms of catastrophizing. One form of catastrophizing is "making mountains out of mole hills," taking a situation and assigning negative consequences to it and blowing it out of proportion. The other form of catastrophizing is anxiety based and involves attempting to predict the future and anticipating "doom and gloom", that everything is going to go wrong.
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Albert Ellis - Frustration occurs when:
a person has a goal that is being blocked or when there is a barrier that a person cannot overcome or when there is a gap between what you desire and what you actually get. Frustration is a common human trait.
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Albert Ellis - Low-frustration tolerance is:
the inability to emotionally accept the delay or blockage to getting what an individual wants. Low frustration tolerance is also the act of seeking immediate gratification or pleasure or the attempt to avoid something painful at the cost of long-term stress.
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Albert Ellis - Procrastination is:
a form of low frustration tolerance. It is putting off or avoiding the necessary when it is in one's best interest to face it. When people make statements like, "It's hard....I can't do it.....I can' take this," they are believing that the thing or event is difficult to tolerate and therefore must be intolerable
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An inferiority complex according to Alfred Adler:
becomes a part of a person's personality development when they fail to develop a solid sense of self-worth. People who experience inferiority complex wrestle with feelings of self-doubt and uncertainty and struggle with feelings of "not measuring up" to the expectations of self or others. Adler believes that people who develop primary inferiority complex is a result of experiencing moments of rejection, weakness, helplessness, and dependency in childhood. Adler says that inferiority complexes can also develop or intensify when the person compares themselves, and their characteristics or traits as inferior in comparison to the character, traits of siblings, romantic partners or others.
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Exposure therapy is:
Exposure therapy is designed to address the treatment of fears and other negative emotional responses by "exposing" or introducing the client (under ethically carefully controlled conditions) to the objects or situations that cause the extreme fear responses.
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Is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain.
the id
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Marathon group:
by its definition of lasting more than a few hours.
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A T-group is:
12-15 members and has a focus on a specialized training.
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A therapy group is:
typically has 6-8 people and is a formal and structured process.
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An encounter group is:
can be from 8-200 members with a specified or open-ended format.
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Super talked about the life roles of:
child, student, homemaker, leisurite, citizen and worker.
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Super Stages Career Development - stages:
growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance and decline.
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Holland types are :
stable over time and across gender and racial lines, with 450 research studies.
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Gizberg Career Development Stages - Fantasy:
During this stage, children primarily engage in playful acts, simulating occupations such as firefighter, police officer, race car driver, etc. Ginzberg believed children transition from playful imitiation to work imitation near the end of this stage, i.e. from simply wearing costumes to acting out the specific duties of a job.
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Gizberg Career Development Stages - Tentative:
From 11 to 17 years of age, adolescent children are able to better focus on, and recognize, work requirements. There are four stages in this period. The first stage is "interest," where children learn likes and dislikes. The second stage is "capacity," where the child learns how much her abilities align with her interests. The third stage, "values," sees the child at 15 become aware of how work may fulfill her values. The final stage of this period is called "transition," and begins when the individual assumes responsibility for her own actions, becomes independent and exercises her freedom of choice.
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Gizberg Career Development Stages - Realistic:
The realistic period begins at age 17 and goes into the early 20s. During this stage, the person establishes alternative paths in her work life, or a "backup plan." Throughout this three stage period, she will develop personal values and begin to zero in on her optimal career choice. The first period of the realistic stage is "exploration." During this stage, the individual choose her career path but remains open to other opportunities. The next stage, "crystallization," is when she becomes more engrossed in a particular career, committing to one direction more than she ever has. The third period is "specification," in which she commits to or develops a preference for a specific area of her occupation.
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Half of the individuals who enter career counseling :
start the process in intake but don't return for completion or follow through of career transition and change
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Frank Parsons is known as the:
father of career development theory and his first publication was in 1908. He identified a system of 3 steps for evaluating young men entering the military: assessing skills, exploring the world of work and integration.
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Krumboltz identified the role of the career counselor as:
to assist the client in responding to events, both those in and those beyond their control, with a positive outlook and positive outcome, and to use the opportunity as a learning experience to promote growth and foster development in the client.
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Tiedeman's Career decision making is a continuous process consisting of two phases:
anticipation or preoccupation, and implementation or adjustment.
```
Anticipation or Preoccupation includes the following phases:
Exploration
Crystallization
Choice
Clarification
```
The phases of Implementation or Adjustment are:
Induction
Reformation
Integration
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964:
prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin and religion.
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The 19th amendment provided:
women the right to vote but had no protections for work.
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Job:
one person in one position doing a set of tasks.
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Occupation:
a definable work activity found in many locations (e.g. counseling,
welding).
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Career:
a series of jobs and occupations one does
the education, training, work experience, and related professional activities associated with one's occupation
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Lifestyle:
refers to the person‘s orientation and preference in regard to career,
family, leisure, place of residence, work climate, and overall style of life.
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Schlossberg defined disabilities as :
chronic hassles in relation to employment. It is something that is always present and never changing, and an occupation often must be adapted around it.
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Necessity that career counseling was born out of:
Career counseling developed out of the need to match soldiers to appropriate jobs during World War I. This resulted in the expansion of school-based vocational guidance. Overtime, career counseling developed to assist people with finding jobs and to help alleviate society's social problems.
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Frank Parson was known as:
"The Father of the Vocational Guidance Movement," and in 1909 on his death bed wrote the manuscript "Choosing a Vocation." In this book, Parson developed a career counseling theory that emphasized matching a person's talents with vocations. In order to do so, Parson would conduct extensive interviews with clients in order to extract large amounts of personal data from individuals. He would also assess clients for their interest and aptitude levels as well as their decision-making abilities.
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Wrote the manuscript "Choosing a Vocation." :
Frank Parson
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Donald Super's Developmental Approach to Careers Stage - Growth Stage:
(Birth to 15). During this stage, children adolescents begin to develop interest.
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Donald Super's Developmental Approach to Careers Stage - Exploratory Stage:
tentative choices regarding their career development.
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Donald Super's Developmental Approach to Careers Stage - Establishment Stage:
This is the trial phase where adults attempt to commit to the right occupational choice through the exploration of options in order to settle into or stabilize a career or vocational choice.
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Donald Super's Developmental Approach to Careers Stage - Maintenance Stage:
In this stage, mature adults are in the continual process of adjusting to work and career.
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Donald Super's Developmental Approach to Careers Stage - Decline Stage:
This is the pre-retirement stage where aging workers deal with work output issues and the transitioning into retirement.
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Career assessment is:
a tool that a career counselor may use to help an individual identify a college major or career opportunities. A career assessment is a survey that taps into a person's interests, values, strengths, and cultural influences in order to narrow down the occupational choices and help assist in the career decision making process
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Super's Five Vocational Developmental Tasks - Crystallization:
Adolescents formulate general vocational goals through awareness and drawing from a variety of influential resources.
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Super's Five Vocational Developmental Tasks - Specification :
Young adults seek stability by moving from tentative vocational preferences to more specific vocational or career goals.
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Super's Five Vocational Developmental Tasks - Implementation:
Young adults will complete training for vocational preferences in order to develop a specific skill set to gain entry into career or employment.
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Super's Five Vocational Developmental Tasks - Stabilization:
Adults will confirm and commit to a career or vocation choice utilizing their talents to perform that job and gain work experience over a period of time.
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Super's Five Vocational Developmental Tasks - Consolidation:
A period where an adult has established a career by gaining experience, status, advancement, and seniority.
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John Holland Personality Types:
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
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John Holland Personality Types - Realistic:
is a person who prefers tasks that require physical manipulation or "hands on" work, like working with tools, machinery, or animals.
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John Holland Personality Types - Investigative:
is a person who is intellectual, scientific, enjoys problem solving. This person is good at understanding and resolving problems especially in the area of math and science.
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John Holland Personality Types - Artistic:
is someone who enjoys the arts and creative activities. They have very good artistic abilities in the areas of creative writing, drama, arts, crafts and music. This person may avoid highly structured and repetitive activities.
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John Holland Personality Types - Social:
enjoys helping others in the areas like teaching, nursing, social work and care-giving. They are very social and have strong interpersonal and communication skills and may avoid manual skills activities that include machines or tools.
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John Holland Personality Types - Enterprising:
enjoys leadership roles and persuading people.
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John Holland Personality Types - Conventional:
enjoys working with numbers, records, data or anything that functions systematically or in an orderly way. They value structure. They may avoid ambiguous unstructured activities and preference dealing in the business of facts and figure.
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Career adaptability is:
the ability to cope with the predictable task of preparing for and participating in the work role as well as the ability to cope with unpredictable adjustments prompted by changes in work and working conditions.
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Vocational identity is:
being able to possess a clear and stable picture of one's goals, interest, and talents. When a person is clear about their goals and their commitment to them, they tend to have the confidence in their ability to make good decisions even if the path to their goals are ambiguous.
283
Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise:
Individuals circumscribe (narrow down occupations) and compromise (opt out of unavailable or inappropriate occupations) as they develop
284
Edgar Schein created "Schein's Career Anchors." :
Competency and motivation becomes an individual's "career anchor." A career anchor is that "non-negotiable" value that a person will not deviate from even in the face of difficulties when making career choices.
285
Schein 8 Catagories:
```
Autonomy or independence
Technical or functional competence
General managerial competence
Entrepreneurial or creativity
Lifestyle
Pure challenge
Service or dedication to a cause
Security or stability.
```
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Hypo-arousal is:
our 'freeze' response to stressful situations. It may cause a person to feel numb, empty, or paralyzed, which is how the client is describing herself
287
Hyper-arousal is:
our 'fight or flight' response to stress and a person would most likely be anxious and/or having racing thoughts.
288
Psychosomatic illness originates from:
emotional stress (such as depression) and manifests in the body with physical symptoms, such as headache, fatigue and stomach problems. A person with psychosomatic illness needs to be treated as the symptoms are not "just in their head." The bodily signs of stress may be different for men and women. Women often report symptoms such as fatigue, irritability and abdominal bloating. Men are more likely to complain of chest pain, high blood pressure and decreased sex drive. The stress-illness relationship is not yet fully understood, so even in the health care community there can be a stigma for patients suffering from psychosomatic illness.
289
Researchers, based on the 1998 landmark study done by the CDC & Kaiser Permanente, found that:
traumatic brain injury, anxiety, alcohol and drug use, unintended pregnancy and cancer all increase as an individual's number of adverse childhood experiences increase.
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Ruminating occurs when:
a person goes over a thought or problem repetitively, without completion.
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Existential Therapy:
the counselor helps the client examine how they relate to their environment (physical), others (social), themselves (psychological), and the unknown (spiritual). Throughout this process, the individual's freedom of thought and choice is emphasized.
292
Blended families are also called:
step-families, complex families, binuclear families and reconstituted families. With the rise of divorce and remarriage rates, these types of families are also on the rise.
293
Gottman's Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse which can be used to predict the end of a relationship are:
criticism (being critical of your partner), contempt (attacking your partner's character),
defensiveness (making excuses to explain your behavior when criticized)
stonewalling when a person feels physiologically flooded, they may stonewall and avoid responding to their partner.
