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Chemistry > Products From Rocks > Flashcards

Products From Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens if some electrons are added or removed from an atom?

A

It becomes charged and then it is an ion.

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2
Q

What is a substance called if it contains one type of atom?

A

An element.

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3
Q

What metals are group 1 and 2?

A

Reactive metals.

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4
Q

True or false, elements in the same group have similar properties.

A

True, for example in Group 1 the elements are K, Na, Li, Rb, Cs, Fr. They are all metals and react with water to form an alkaline solution and hydrogen gas and they all react with oxygen to form an oxide.

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5
Q

How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

Subtract the atomic number from the mass number (bottom from the top).

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6
Q

How many electrons can each shell have?

A 
1st= 2
2nd= 8
3rd= 8
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7
Q

True or false, is the number of protons the same as electrons in an atom?

A

True for example Argon ha 18 protons so it must have 18 electrons.

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8
Q

True or False, the nucleus is negatively charged.

A

False, it contains protons which are positively charged and neutrons which are neutral.

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9
Q

True or false, more reactive metals react less vigorously than less reactive metals.

A

False, they react more vigorously.

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10
Q

What is the formula for Calcium carbonate?

A

CaCo3

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11
Q

What does calcium carbonate thermally decompose to make?

A

Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

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12
Q

What are the negatives of quarrying ?

A

Destroys habitats,
Makes lots of noise,
Changes the landscape.

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13
Q

How is mortar made?

A

Sand, water and cement.

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14
Q

How do you make concrete?

A

Cement, sand, aggregate.

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15
Q

What is aggregate ?

A

Water and gravel.

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16
Q

What can you use to test for carbon dioxide?

A

Calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali which can be used to neutralise acidic oil in fields.

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17
Q

What is thermal decomposition ?

A

One substance chemically changes into at least two new substances when heated.

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18
Q

How do you balance an equation?

A

Putting numbers in front of formulas where needed.

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19
Q

How do you make cement?

A

Powdered limestone is heated in a kiln with powdered clay.

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20
Q

What are displacement reactions?

A

Involves a metal and a compound of a different metal, a more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from its compounds.

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21
Q

True or false, ions are electrically charged.

A

True, they are electrically charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

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22
Q

True or false, the electronic structure of an ion is the same as a noble gas.

A

True, the loss or gain of electrons leaves a full outer shell so it is the same as a noble gas.

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23
Q

Do metals lose or gain electrons?

A

Lose the electron to become positive ions.

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24
Q

Do non metals gain or lose electrons?

A

Gain the electrons to become negative ions.

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25
Q

True or false, the number of charges on an ion is formed by a metal is equal to the group number of the metal.

A

True.

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26
Q

What does bio leaching entail?

A

Uses bacteria to separate copper from copper sulphide, bacteria gets energy from the bond between copper and sulphur separating copper from the ore.

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27
Q

What is a leachate?

A

Solution produced by the process.

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28
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Growing plants in soil that contains copper.

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29
Q

Name the benefits of recycling.

A

Saves money from extracting and mining new metal.
Conserves metal resources.
Cuts down on rubbish.

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30
Q

Name the properties of metals.

A

Strong, bendy, conducts heat and electricity.

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31
Q

Good conductor of electricity, hard/strong, doesn’t react with water. Copper, aluminium or Titanium?

A

Copper.

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32
Q

Which two metals are low density?

A

Aluminium, Titanium.

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33
Q

True or false, copper is corrosion resistant.

A

False, but aluminium and titanium are.

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34
Q

What is metal fatigue?

A

When stresses and strains are repeatedly put on them over time and can lead to metals breaking.

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35
Q

What happens when metals corrode?

A

Loses their strength and hardness.

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36
Q

How can you protect metals from corrosion?

A

Painting.

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37
Q

What is the arrangement of pure iron?

A

Regular, atoms can slide over each other- making it too soft/easily shaped.

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38
Q

Why is impure iron used as cast iron?

A

Contains 4% impurities such as carbon, making it brittle so it doesn’t have many uses.

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39
Q

How are steels made?

A

Adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals.

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40
Q

What is low carbon steel used for?

A

Car bodies as it can be easily shaped.

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41
Q

What is added to steel to make it stainless?

A

Chromium and Nickel.

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42
Q

Why is stainless steel better than low carbon steel?

A

It is corrosion resistant whilst low carbon steel can be easily shaped.

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43
Q

True or false, iron is inflexible.

A

False, pure iron is too bendy.

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44
Q

True or false, alloys are harder than pure metals.

A

True.

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45
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

Different elements have different sized atoms. So when an element like carbon is added to pure iron, the smaller carbon atom upset the layers of pure iron atoms, making it more difficult for them to slide over each other. So alloys are harder.

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46
Q

What is bronze alloy made out of?

A

Copper and tin, bronze is harder than copper and is goo for making medals and statues from.

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47
Q

What is cupronickel made out of?

A

Copper and nickel. It is hard and corrosion resistant and is used to make silver coins.

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48
Q

What is crude oil?

A

It’s oil formed from the buried remains of plants and animals. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

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49
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more elements that aren’t chemically bonded to each other.

50
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Fuels such as petrol, diesel- made of just carbon and hydrogen.

51
Q

True or false, there are no chemical bonds between different parts of a mixture.

A

True, the different hydrocarbon molecules are not chemically bonded to one another.

52
Q

How can the mixture of hydrocarbons be split up into its separate fractions?

A

Using fractional distillation.

53
Q

What is fractional distillation ?

A

Where heated crude oil is piped in at the bottom of the fractioning column and the vaporised oil rise up the column and the various fractions are constantly tapped off where they condense.

54
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Mostly alkanes.

55
Q

What are alkanes made up of?

A

Chains of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms.

56
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane.

57
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

Eg. If an alkane has 5 carbons, it has (2x5)+2=12 hydrogens.

58
Q

True or false, the longer the molecules, the more runny the hydrocarbon is- less viscous (gloopy) it is.

A

True.

59
Q

Define viscous.

A

Gloopy.

60
Q

True or false, the longer the molecules, the more volatile they are.

A

False, the shorter the molecules, the lower the temperature of which the fraction condenses- lower boiling point.

61
Q

What are the really viscous hydrocarbons used for?

A

Lubricating engine parts and for covering roads.

62
Q

What is the petrol fraction used for?

A

Longer molecules- higher boiling point. It is ideal for storing in fuel tanks of cars as it can flow to the engine where it is easily vaporised to mix with the air before ignition.

63
Q

What is refinery gas fraction used for?

A

Bottled gas as it has the lowest boiling point.

64
Q

Name three positives of using crude oil as a fuel.

A

Burn cleanly, readily available (cars, petrol stations), more reliable than wind/solar, provides raw materials for making chemicals including plastics.

65
Q

Name a negative of using crude oil.

A

Have to burn it to release energy, burning oil is thought to be major cause of global warming, acid rain and global dimming.

66
Q

What is partial combustion?

A

When there isn’t enough oxygen for the entire fuel to burn. Under these conditions, solid particles of soot (carbon), unburnt fuel and carbon monoxide are released.

67
Q

What two gases causes acid rain?

A

Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.

68
Q

How does acid rain form?

A

Sulphur dioxide mixes with clouds it forms dilute sulphuric acid which falls as acid rain.

69
Q

What are the effects of acid rain?

A

Causes lakes to become acidic, damages limestone buildings, affects human health.

70
Q

How can you reduce acid rain?

A

Removing sulphur from fuels before they are burnt, however this takes more energy which often comes from burning more fuel which releases more of carbon dioxide.

71
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The chemical breakdown of a substance using Bactria such as yeasts.

72
Q

What is limewater ?

A

Calcium hydroxide.

73
Q

How does particles cause global dimming?

A

Particles of soot (ash) and and carbon reflects sunlight back into space or they can help to reduce more clouds that reflect the sunlight back into space.

74
Q

What are particulates?

A

Solid particles such as soot (carbon).

75
Q

How is ethanol made?

A

Fermentation of plants.

76
Q

What are the pros of ethanol?

A

Carbon neutral.

77
Q

What is carbon neutral?

A

Releases no carbon dioxide, ethanol is carbon neutral because the Co2 released when it’s burnt was taken in by the plant as it grew.

78
Q

What are the cons of using ethanol ?

A

Engines need to be converted, isn’t widely available.

79
Q

What is biodiesel made from?

A

Vegetable oils ie rapeseed oil.

80
Q

What can biodiesel and ethanol be used for?

A

Ethanol can be used to power cars and is often mixed with petrol.

Biodiesel is often used to run a Diesel engine.

81
Q

What are the pros of biodiesel?

A

Produces much less sulphur dioxide and ‘particulates’.

Engines don’t need to be converted.

82
Q

What are the cons of using biodiesel?

A

Expensive, can’t make enough to replace diesel.

83
Q

How is hydrogen gas formed?

A

Electrolysis of water, energy comes from renewable source ie solar.

84
Q

What are the pros of using hydrogen gas?

A

Clean- combines with oxygen to form just water.

85
Q

What are the cons of using hydrogen gas?

A

Hard to store, not widely available, need energy from another source to make it.

86
Q

What are the properties of transitional metals?

A

Good conductors of heat and electricity, dense, shiny, less reactive than Group 1, high melting points.

87
Q

What is the formula for an alkane?

A

CnH(2n+2)

88
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons- they contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible in each molecule and no more can be added.

89
Q

Define crude oil.

A

Dark, smelly liquid- a mixture of different chemical compounds.

90
Q

Define mixture.

A

Two or more elements/compounds that are not chemically combined together.

91
Q

Why is crude oil straight from the ground not any use?

A

Because it contains too many substances with different boiling points.

92
Q

What must you do before you can use crude oil?

A

Separate it into different fractions with similar boiling points. These are known as fractions.

93
Q

How and why can you separate mixtures of substances in crude oil?

A

Distillation because the properties of substances do not change when they are mixed (distillation separates liquids with different boiling points).

94
Q

What is the method of distillation of crude oil?

A

Heat crude oil mixture so it boils.
Different fractions vaporise between different ranges of temperature.
Collect vapours by cooling and condensing them.

95
Q

What are the basic properties of metals?

A

Strong but can be bent or hammered into different shapes.
Great at conducting heat.
Conduct electricity well.

96
Q

What is metals conductivity good for?

A

Making things like electrical wires.

97
Q

Why are metals good for making saucepans?

A

Because heat can travel through it.

98
Q

Name the properties of copper.

A

Good conductor of electricity so ideal for drawing out in electrical wires, hard and strong but can be bent, it doesn’t react with water.

99
Q

Name the properties of aluminium.

A

Corrosion resistant, has a low density it isn’t very strong but it forms hard strong alloys.

100
Q

What is the properties of titanium?

A

Low density
Very strong
Corrosion resistant

101
Q

What metal is good for plumbing?

A

Copper because it can be bent and is below hydrogen in the reactivity series so doesn’t react with water.

102
Q

What metal is good for making an aeroplane?

A

Aluminium.

103
Q

What metal is good for making replacement hips?

A

Titanium because it doesn’t corrode and its light and not too bendy.

104
Q

What is an alloy?

A

Two metals or a metal and a non metal mixed together to create a substance with ideal properties for a specific job.

105
Q

What is the problem with pure iron?

A

Too bendy.

106
Q

What is iron straight from blast furnace?

A

96% iron with the other 4% impurities such as carbon.

107
Q

What is impure iron used as?

A

Cast iron which is good for things like ornamental railings but doesn’t have many uses as it is brittle.

108
Q

What happens to impurities in iron in a blast furnace?

A

Most of it is removed.

109
Q

What does pure iron have?

A

Regular arrangement of identical atoms.

110
Q

What is bad about iron having a regular arrangement of identical atoms?

A

Layers can slide over each other which makes iron soft and easily shaped. Far too bendy for use.

111
Q

How are steels formed?

A

By adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals.

112
Q

What are the properties and uses of low carbon steel?

A

Easily shaped and used for car bodies.

113
Q

What are the properties of high carbon steel and its uses?

A

Very hard, inflexible and is used as blades for cutting tools and bridges.

114
Q

What is stainless steel used for and its properties?

A

Corrosion resistant and is used as cutlery and containers for corrosive substances.

115
Q

What is added to stainless steel?

A

Chromium and sometimes nickel.

116
Q

What different elements have?

A

Different sized atoms.

117
Q

What happens when an element such as carbon is added to pure iron?

A

Smaller carbon atom will upset the layers of pure iron atoms making it more difficult for them to slide over each other so alloys are harder.

118
Q

What is bronze made out of and what is it good for?

A

Copper and tin, bronze is harder than copper and is good for making medals and statues.

119
Q

What is cupronickel made out of and what is it good for?

A

Copper and nickel it is hard and corrosion resistant and is used to make silver coins.

120
Q

What are gold alloys used for?

A

Making jewellery, Pure gold is too soft so metals such as zinc, copper, silver, palladium and nickel are used to harden it.

121
Q

What are aluminium alloys used for?

A

Aluminium has a low density but it is alloyed with other metals to make it stronger.

Chemistry (5 decks)

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