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Oils, Earth And Atmosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without going under any chemical change itself.

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2
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Petrol, paraffin and ethene for plastics.

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3
Q

What is a thermal decomposition reaction?

A

Breaking molecules down by heating them.

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4
Q

Describe the process of cracking crude oil.

A

Heat the long chain hydrocarbon to vaporise it. The vapour is then passed over a powdered catalyst at a temp of about 400-700 degrees. The long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst.

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5
Q

What is the catalyst used in the cracking of crude oil?

A

Aluminium oxide.

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6
Q

Name an alternative way o cracking crude oil.

A

Mix the vapour with steam at a very high temperature.

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7
Q

True or false, alkenes are unsaturated.

A

True because they have a double bond.

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8
Q

How can you test for alkenes?

A

By adding the substance to bromine water, the alkene will de colorise it from orange. This is because the double bond has opened up and formed bonds with the bromine.

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9
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They can make more bonds- the double bond can open up allowing the two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms.

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10
Q

What are the first two alkenes?

A

Ethene, Propene.

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11
Q

What is the alkene with the formula C2H4?

A

Ethene.

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12
Q

What can ethene by hydrated with to make ethanol?

A

Steam in the presence of a catalyst.

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13
Q

Name another way of making ethanol from renewable resources.

A

Fermentation, with sugar as the raw material. The word equation for this is sugar- carbon dioxide + ethanol.

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14
Q

Name the advantages of making ethanol via fermentation.

A

Renewable resource, simpler equipment and it needs a lower temperature.

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15
Q

Name the disadvantages of making ethanol via fermentation.

A

Isn’t very concentrated so you have to distil it as well it needs to be purified.

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16
Q

What is cracking?

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons by passing vapour over a hot catalyst.

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17
Q

How do you make olive oil?

A

To get the oil out, you crush the plant material. The plant material is then pressed between metal plates and the oil is squashed out.

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18
Q

What are the properties of vegetable oils?

A

Higher boiling points, so they can cook food at higher temperatures and faster speeds.

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19
Q

True or false, unsaturated oils contain double bonds.

A

True.

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20
Q

What fats contain one double bond in their carbon chains?

A

Monounsaturated.

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21
Q

How can unsaturated vegetable oils be hardened?

A

Reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 60 degrees. The hydrogen reacts with the double bonded carbons and opens out the double bonds.

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22
Q

What are the properties of hydrogenated oils?

A

Highe melting points so are more solid at room temperature.

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23
Q

What is margarine usually made from?

A

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil because turning all the double bonds into single bonds would make margarine too hard to spread.

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24
Q

What is bad about partially hydrogenating oils?

A

You get trans fats.

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25
Q

What are bad about saturated fats?

A

They increase the amount of cholesterol in the blood which can block up the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease.

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26
Q

True or false, vegetable oils tend to be unsaturated whilst animal fats are saturated.

A

True however partially hydrogenated vegetable oil increases the amount of cholesterol.

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27
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A mixture of oil and water, they are made up of lots of droplets of one liquid suspended in another.

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28
Q

What are the two emulsions you can have?

A

Oil in water or water in oil.

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29
Q

True or false, emulsions are thicker than water or oil.

A

True.

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30
Q

What happens when you add air to an emulsion?

A

It gives it a softer texture and a fluffy consistency.

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31
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

Molecules with one part attracted to water and another attracted to oil.

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32
Q

What is the part in an emulsifier attracted to oil called?

A

Hydrophobic whilst the part attracted to water is hydrophobic.

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33
Q

What happens when you shake oil and water with an emulsifier?

A

The oil forms droplets with a coating of emulsifier with the hydrophilic bit facing outwards. other oil droplets are repelled whilst water molecules latch on so the emulsion won’t separate out.

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34
Q

Name the pros of emulsifiers.

A

Stops them separating out, giving a longer shell life and allows companies to produce food lower in fat but still has a good texture.

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35
Q

What are the cons of emulsifiers?

A

Some people are allergic.

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36
Q

How are mountains formed?

A

By tectonic plates and colliding chunks push the land up.

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37
Q

What was Wegeners theory of continental drift?

A

He came across some work listing how the fossils of similar plants and animals were found on opposite sides of the Atlantic and found more cases.
He also saw how the coastlines of Africa and South America fitted together like a jigsaw.
He found there were matching layers in the rocks in different continents.

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38
Q

What was Pangea?

A

A super continent which broke into smaller chunks which moved apart (our new continents) and claimed they were still slowly drifting apart.

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39
Q

Why wasn’t Pangea accepted?

A

Wegener used inaccurate data in his calculations on how fast the continents should be moving.

He believed the continents were ploughing through the seabed and their movements were caused by tidal forces and the Earth’s rotation.

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40
Q

What is the structure of the Earth?

A

Crust, Mantle, Core.

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41
Q

What is the core made out of?

A

Iron and nickel.

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42
Q

What happens in the mantle which affects tectonic plates?

A

Radioactive decay- this produces a lot of heat which causes the mantle to flow in convection currents. The tectonic plates are like rafts that float on the mantle so move with the currents.

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43
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

The crust and upper part of the mantle that are cracked into a number of large pieces.

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44
Q

How much distance do tectonic plates move in a year relative to each other?

A

A few cm.

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45
Q

What are the clues a volcanic eruption might happen?

A

Molten rock rising up into chambers near the surface, causing the ground surface to bulge slightly. However molten rock can cool down instead of erupting.

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46
Q

What was the first phase of the evolution of the atmosphere?

A

Volcanoes and gases.

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47
Q

What was the early atmosphere like?

A

Mainly C02 with no oxygen, water vapour and ammonia- quite like Venus and Mars today.

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48
Q

How were oceans formed?

A

When the water vapour condensed.

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49
Q

What was the Earth’s surface originally like?

A

Molten, so hot any atmosphere just boiled away into space.

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50
Q

What was phase 2 of the evolution of the atmosphere?

A

Green plants evolved and produced oxygen.

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51
Q

What formed in the early Co2 atmosphere?

A

Green plants and algae.

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52
Q

What happened to the carbon dioxide?

A

Early carbon dioxide dissolved into oceans and the green plants and algae absorbed Co2 and produced oxygen by photosynthesis.

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53
Q

What happened to the plants and algae?

A

Died and were buried under layers of sediment. The carbon and hydrocarbons were locked up inside in sedimentary rocks as insoluable carbonates and fossil fuels.

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54
Q

What happens when we burn fossil fuels?

A

The locked up carbon is released, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide.

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55
Q

What was phase 3 in the evolution of the atmosphere?

A

Ozone layer and complex animals.

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56
Q

What is the chemical formula for the ozone layer?

A

03

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57
Q

What did the oxygen do to the early organisms?

A

Killed them off but allowed more complex organisms to evolve.

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58
Q

What did oxygen also do to the atmosphere?

A

Created the ozone layer.

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59
Q

What does the ozone layer do?

A

Block harmful rays from the sun.

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60
Q

What is primordial soup ?

A

A body of water in which life gradually crawled out of.

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61
Q

How are amino acids made in terms of primordial soup?

A

Lightning striking the atmosphere full of nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and methane causing a chemical reaction.

62
Q

How did the amino acids form living organisms?

A

By combining to produce organic matter which evolved.

63
Q

What did Miller and Urey do?

A

They sealed the gases in their apparatus, heated them and applied an electrical charge for a week.

64
Q

What was Miller and Ureys results ?

A

Amino acids were made but not as many as on Earth.

65
Q

How do we fractionally distil air?

A

Filtering to remove dust, cooled to -200 degrees and becomes a liquid, during cooling water vapour is removed as it condenses, carbon dioxide freezes and is removed, the liquefied air enters the fractionating column and heated slowly, the remaining gases are then separated using fractional distillation. Oxygen and argon however come out together.

66
Q

What products can we get from fractionally distilling air?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen.

67
Q

How does increasing carbon dioxide level affect the climate and ocean?

A

Causes global warming, raises the ocean level.

Makes oceans too acidic as oceans are a natural store of carbon dioxide but as we are releasing extra it makes them acidic. Means in the future they won’t be able to absorb any more carbon dioxide.

68
Q

How can you test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

By reacting them with bromine water. If they are unsaturated, they will remain colourless.

69
Q

What does decane produce from cracking?

A

Propene, ethene and pentane.

70
Q

What is pentane used for?

A

Petrol.

71
Q

What is cracking an example of?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction.

72
Q

What happens in cracking?

A

A heavy fraction produced from crude oil is heated to vaporise the hydrocarbons, the vapour is then passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam. It is heated to a high temperature, the hydrocarbons are cracked as thermal decomposition reactions take place. The large molecules split apart to form smaller, more useful ones.

73
Q

What does cracking produce?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons which are used as fuels and unsaturated hydrocarbons (called alkenes).

74
Q

What can chemists do with polymers?

A

Make materials with special properties to do specific jobs.

75
Q

Where is the area that is seeing the most benefits from polymers made to order?

A

Medicine.

76
Q

How is medicine receiving the most benefits from polymers made to order?

A

Eventually take over from fillings for teeth which contain mercury which is a health hazard.
New softer linings for dentures.
New packaging material.
Implants that can slowly release drugs into a patient.

77
Q

What is the point of light sensitive plasters?

A

Stickiness can be switched off before plaster is removed.

78
Q

How do light sensitive plasters work?

A

Put it on like a normal plaster
You peel top layer away from lower layer that remains stuck to the skin
Once the lower layer is exposed to light the adhesive becomes less sticky making it easier to remove.

79
Q

What are hydrogels?

A

Polymer chains with a few cross linking units between chains which makes a matrix that traps water.

80
Q

What are hydrogels used for?

A

Wound dressings, allow body to heal in moist, sterile conditions useful for burns.

81
Q

How can scientists alter the properties of hydrogels?

A

Vary amount of water in the matrix structure.

82
Q

What is a new shape memory polymer?

A

Make stitches that keep the sides of a cut together.

83
Q

Where is the area that is seeing the most benefits from polymers made to order?

A

Medicine.

84
Q

How is medicine receiving the most benefits from polymers made to order?

A

Eventually take over from fillings for teeth which contain mercury which is a health hazard.
New softer linings for dentures.
New packaging material.
Implants that can slowly release drugs into a patient.

85
Q

What is the point of light sensitive plasters?

A

Stickiness can be switched off before plaster is removed.

86
Q

How do light sensitive plasters work?

A

Put it on like a normal plaster
You peel top layer away from lower layer that remains stuck to the skin
Once the lower layer is exposed to light the adhesive becomes less sticky making it easier to remove.

87
Q

What are hydrogels?

A

Polymer chains with a few cross linking units between chains which makes a matrix that traps water.

88
Q

What are hydrogels used for?

A

Wound dressings, allow body to heal in moist, sterile conditions useful for burns.

89
Q

How can scientists alter the properties of hydrogels?

A

Vary amount of water in the matrix structure.

90
Q

What is a new shape memory polymer?

A

Make stitches that keep the sides of a cut together.

91
Q

What is the Earth made up of?

A

Layers that formed millions of years ago.

92
Q

What happened when the Earth was being made?

A

Heavy materials sank towards the centre of the Earth whilst lighter material floated on top. Produced structure consisting of a dense core surrounded by the mantle.

93
Q

What is the structure of the Earth?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, atmosphere

94
Q

What are the properties of the Earth’s crust?

A

Very thin layer compared to the diameter of the Earth.

95
Q

What are the properties of the mantle?

A

Thicker than the crust behaves like a solid but can flow in parts very slowly.

96
Q

What is the earths core made up of?

A

Mixture of magnetic metals, nickel and iron.

97
Q

What are the properties of the outer core?

A

Liquid.

98
Q

What are the properties of the inner core?

A

Solid.

99
Q

Where does 80% of the air in our atmosphere lie?

A

Within 10km of the surface.

100
Q

What is the average thickness of the crust?

A

6km under oceans

35km under continental areas

101
Q

What is the radius of the Earth’s core?

A

Radius of 3500km.

102
Q

Where do the earths limited resources come from?

A

The crust, the oceans and the atmosphere.

103
Q

How do tectonic plates move?

A

Radioactive atoms deep within earth decay releasing large amounts of energy.
Heats up molten minerals in the mantle which expand.
These become less dense and rise towards surface.
Cooler material sinks to take their place.
Forces created by these convection currents move tectonic plates slowly over the surface of the Earth.

104
Q

What causes an earthquake?

A

Boundaries of plates meet causing stresses to build up. Plates then buckle and deform and mountains may be formed. Plates may also slip past each other.

105
Q

What are the tectonic plates made of?

A

Crust and upper part of the mantle.

106
Q

Why are earthquakes and volcanoes difficult to predict?

A

It is difficult to know when the plates will slip past one another.

107
Q

What is one theory about the earths early atmosphere?

A

Volcanoes released carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen gas.

108
Q

How were oceans created?

A

Water vapour in the atmosphere condensed as the earth gradually cooled down and fell as rain. Water collected in hollows in the crust as the rock solidified.

109
Q

What was mainly in the earth when it stabilised?

A

Mainly carbon dioxide, could have had water vapour and traces of methane and ammonia. Little/no oxygen. Nitrogen was likely present.

110
Q

How did oxygen appear in the atmosphere?

A

Simple organisms similar to bacteria first appeared. They made food by breaking down other chemicals as a source of energy.

111
Q

How did bacteria and algae increase the levels of oxygen in atmosphere?

A

Energy from sun to make food by photosynthesis, creating oxygen as a waste products.

112
Q

What is the word equation of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy- sugar and oxygen.

113
Q

What happened as plants evolved?

A

Colonised most of the surface of the Earth. Richer and purer in oxygen.

114
Q

How can oil be extracted from plants?

A

Plant material is crushed then it is pressed between metal plates to squeeze the oil out. Traditional method of making olive oil.

115
Q

How can oil be separated from crushed plant material?

A

Centrifuge (spin dryer)

116
Q

What else can be used to get oil from plant materials?

A

Solvents.

117
Q

What does distillation do to oil?

A

Refines it and removes water, solvents and impurities.

118
Q

Why are vegetable oils good?

A

Provide a lot of energy, provide nutrients such as vitamin e, essential fatty acids which are needed for many metabolic processes.

119
Q

Why are vegetable oils good for cooking?

A

Higher boiling points than water so they can cook foods at higher temperatures and faster speeds.

120
Q

Why does cooking with vegetable oil give the food a different flavour?

A

Oils own flavour but many flavours come from chemicals that are soluable in oil. Oil carries the flavour making it more intense.

121
Q

What does cooking with vegetable oil do to the amount of energy we get from eating it?

A

It increases.

122
Q

Why are vegetable oils good as fuels and what fuel can be made from them?

A

Because they provide lots of energy, biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil and soybean oil and is similar to ordinary diesel fuel as it burns in the same way.

123
Q

What do oils and fats contain?

A

Long chain molecules with lots of carbon atoms.

124
Q

What are oils and fats?

A

Saturated or unsaturated.

125
Q

What do unsaturated oils contain?

A

Double bonds between some of the carbon atoms in their carbon chains.

126
Q

What would an unsaturated oil do to bromine water?

A

Decolorisation as the bromine opens up the double bond and latches on.

127
Q

What does a monounsaturated fat contain?

A

One double C=C bond somewhere in their carbon chains.

128
Q

What does a polyunsaturated fat contain?

A

More than one double C=C bond.

129
Q

What is cracking?

A

Splitting long chain hydrocarbons.

130
Q

How is ethanol produced from ethene?

A

Hydrated with steam in the prescence of a catalyst.

131
Q

What are the advantages of making ethanol from ethene?

A

Ethene is relatively cheap and not much of it is wasted.

132
Q

What are the disadvantages of making ethanol using ethene?

A

Ethene is produced from crude oil which is a non renewable energy source meaning it will become very expensive process.

133
Q

What is a renewable way of making ethanol?

A

Fermentation which is where sugar makes ethanol and carbon dioxide with yeast. This is how alcohol in beer and wine is made.

134
Q

What are the advantages of making ethanol from sugar?

A

Needs a lot lower temperatures
Simpler equipment
Large spread crop

135
Q

What are the disadvantages of using sugar to make ethanol?

A

Needs to be purified

Isn’t very strong so needs to be distilled.

136
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

The compounds were separated into different fractions. The fractionating column works continuously by pumping in crude oil and heating it so it vaporises and as it rises up the column, the different fractions are constantly tapped off at the different levels where they condense.

137
Q

What does burning fossil fuels do?

A

Releases gas and particles.

138
Q

What do most fuels contain?

A

Carbon and hydrogen.

139
Q

What happens during combustion to hydrogen and carbon?

A

Oxidised so carbon dioxide and water vapour is released into atmosphere.

140
Q

What happens if a fuel contains sulfur impurities when it is burnt?

A

The sulfur will be released as sulfur dioxide.

141
Q

What also forms if a fuel is burnt at high temperatures?

A

Oxides of nitrogen.

142
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When there’s plenty of oxygen and all the fuel burns.

143
Q

What happens in partial combustion?

A

Some of the fuel doesn’t burn and solid particles or particulates of soot (carbon) and unburnt fuel is released alongside carbon monoxide.

144
Q

What is one of the gases that causes acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide.

145
Q

What happens when sulfur dioxide mixes with clouds?

A

It forms dilute sulfuric acid that falls as rain.

146
Q

What does acid rain do?

A

Causes lakes to become acidic, damages limestone buildings and kills trees.

147
Q

How do oxides of nitrogen form acid rain?

A

By forming dilute nitric acid in clouds.

148
Q

What has been put in place to reduce emissions of air pollutants?

A

International agreements.

149
Q

How can you reduce sulfur emissions?

A

By removing sulfur from fuels before they are burnt but this costs more to do.
Takes more energy which requires more fuel which releases more carbon dioxide.
Reduce usage of fossil fuels.

150
Q

What causes climate change?

A

The increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere- because of the large amounts of fossil fuels humans burn.

Chemistry (5 decks)

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