Production of radiopharmaceuticals Flashcards
What is a radiopharmaceutical?
A radioactive compound used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of human diseases.
What percentage of radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnostic purposes?
Approximately 95%.
What is Technetium-99m primarily used for?
It is the most widely used radioisotope in diagnostic nuclear medicine.
When was Iodine-131 first introduced for medical use?
In 1946 for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
List some commonly used reactor-produced isotopes in medical applications.
- Molybdenum-99
- Iodine-131
- Phosphorus-32
- Chromium-51
- Strontium-89
- Samarium-153
- Rhenium-186
- Lutetium-177
What are the desirable properties of a radionuclide for imaging?
- Short physical half-life
- Decays to a stable daughter
- Emits gamma rays only
- Gamma ray energy of 50 - 300 KeV
- Ideally emits monoenergetic gamma rays
- Easily attached to pharmaceuticals
- Readily available
- High specific activity
What is passive diffusion in the context of radiopharmaceutical localization?
Movement of radiopharmaceuticals across membranes, such as 99mTc-DTPA in brain imaging.
What therapeutic uses do radionuclide therapies have?
Management of thyroid cancer, bone pain palliation, and treatment of various cancers.
What is radiosynoviorthesis?
A technique where a radiopharmaceutical is delivered into affected joints to relieve pain.
What are the advantages of indigenous production of radiopharmaceutical kits?
- Cost savings
- Elimination of shipment delays
- Compatibility issues addressed
- Prompt investigation of complaints
- Meaningful work program for staff
What is the role of a clean room in a hospital radiopharmacy?
To maintain a sterile environment for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals.
Fill in the blank: Radiopharmaceuticals for PET include _______.
[18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose, 15O water, 13N-ammonia]
True or False: All radiopharmaceuticals have significant pharmacologic effects.
False.
What is the importance of quality control in the preparation of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals?
To ensure safety and efficacy due to the short half-life.
What is the use of 99mTc-MAA in medical imaging?
Lung scanning.
What is the purpose of using 131I in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
To deliver targeted radiation to thyroid tissues.
What are some examples of non-technetium radiopharmaceuticals?
- Thallium-201
- Gallium-67 citrate
- 111Indium
What is the significance of the effective half-life in radiopharmaceuticals?
It should be similar to the duration of the examination to minimize patient dose.
What is the role of high specific activity in radiopharmaceuticals?
To enhance localization in target tissues.
What is the labeling process for sulfur colloid radiopharmaceuticals?
Add pertechnetate (Tc-99mO4) and heat.
What is the main focus of hospital radiopharmacy activities?
Preparation, quality control, dispensing, and distribution of Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals.
What are the primary radionuclides used for bone pain palliation?
- Strontium-89
- Samarium-153
- Rhenium-186
What is the purpose of using radiolabeled peptides in cancer therapy?
As molecular vectors for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT).
What is the role of capillary blockage in radiopharmaceutical localization?
Trapping of particles, such as 99mTc-MAA, in lung capillaries.
What does the acronym GRP stand for in radiopharmacy?
Good Radiopharmacy Practice.
What is the initial step in the preparation involving Inositol?
Add 5.0 g Inositol and purge Nitrogen
Ensure to heat gently until complete dissolution.
What is added after Inositol in the preparation process?
Add 70 mg Ascorbic Acid
This is followed by adding 0.3 ml SnCl2 in 5 ml concentrated HCl.
What pH adjustment is necessary during the preparation?
Adjust pH to 2.2 - 2.3 with NaOH
After adjusting the pH, dilute to 200 ml.
What is the final step for the solution after dilution?
Dispense 2 ml in 10 ml serum vials and lyophilize at 4°C
Store under vacuum or under nitrogen.
What is the first action in the labeling process?
Add 5 ml Tc-99mO4 and shake
Control involves ITLC-SG for tracking the labeling process.
What are the Rf values for Tc-DMSA in the control ITLC-SG?
Rf: Tc-DMSA 0.0, Tc-99mO4 1.0, R H Tc-99m 0.0
These values are determined using acetone/MEK and NaCl 0.9% as solvents.
What is DTPA an acronym for?
Diethylene Triamine Penta-Acetic Acid
This is a key compound used in radiopharmaceutical preparation.
What are the initial components added when preparing DTPA?
Add 0.79 g DTPA and 10 ml SnCl2 solution
Also include 1.1 g CaCl2 in 50 ml water.
What is the pH adjustment for the DTPA preparation?
Adjust pH to 7.0 with dilute NaOH
After heating gently until complete dissolution.
What is the nitrogen purging duration during DTPA preparation?
Purge Nitrogen for 15 minutes
This is crucial for maintaining an inert environment.
What is the pH adjustment after adding SnCl2 solution in DTPA preparation?
Adjust pH to 4.8 - 5.0 with dilute HCl
Followed by dilution to 100 ml with water.
What is the final dispensing step for DTPA preparation?
Dispense 1 ml in 10 ml serum vials and lyophilize at 4°C
Ensure to stopper under vacuum.
What is the Rf value for Tc-DTPA in the control ITLC-SG?
Rf: Tc-DTPA 0.0
The solvent used is acetone/MEK.
