lec 10 Radio Flashcards
What are the objectives of Radiation Exposure Protection?
To prevent deterministic effects and limit the probability of stochastic effects
Deterministic effects include death, skin burns, cataracts, and infertility, while stochastic effects include cancer and genetic effects.
What are the types of Radiation Exposure?
- Deterministic Effects
- Stochastic Effects
Deterministic effects are immediate and severe, while stochastic effects are probabilistic and may occur after a long period.
What does Radiation Safety aim to achieve?
Proper operating conditions and prevention of accident consequences to protect workers, the public, and the environment from undue radiation.
Define Radiation Protection.
The protection of people from the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and the means of achieving this.
What is required for security of radioactive sources?
Measures to prevent unauthorized access, damage, loss, and unauthorized transfer of radioactive sources.
Who should be protected in nuclear medicine?
- Patient
- Members of his/her family
- Workers
- General public
What are the general principles of protecting people from radiation?
- Justification of exposure
- Optimization of protection (ALARA Principles)
- Limitation of dose for individuals.
What does the ALARA principle stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
What should be done to minimize radiation dose?
- Minimize time of exposure
- Maximize distance from the source
- Use shielding.
What is the relationship between distance and radiation dose?
Dose rate is proportional to 1/R², where R is the distance.
What are sealed sources used for in Nuclear Medicine?
Calibration and quality control.
What are unsealed sources used for in Nuclear Medicine?
Radiopharmaceuticals.
What should be done in the event of a radioactive spill?
Notify the radiation safety office immediately and restrict access to the area.
What are the two types of radioactive spills?
Major spills and minor spills.
What is required for radioactive waste management?
Collection, segregation, and disposal according to national and local regulations.
How long should radionuclides with short half-lives be stored for decay?
At least 10 half-lives.
What are some examples of different types of waste generated in a hospital?
- Liquid waste containing short-lived radionuclides
- Solid waste containing short-lived radionuclides
- Liquid waste for public waste treatment
- Solid waste for public waste treatment
- Sealed sources.
What should be included in the waste management framework?
- Organization and responsibilities
- Waste inventory
- Waste management plan
- Waste minimization
- Safety assessments
- Facilities
- Transports
- Staff training
- Documentation and records
- Quality assurance.
Describe the storage requirements for radioactive waste.
A locked, properly marked, and ventilated room should be available for interim storage.
What should be done with each type of radioactive waste?
Kept in separate containers properly labeled with information about the radionuclide and activity concentration.
What is the main aim of radiopharmacy compared to ordinary pharmacy?
Radiopharmacy is mostly diagnostic, while ordinary pharmacy is therapeutic.
What is a key difference in waste removal between radiopharmacy and ordinary pharmacy?
Radiopharmacy involves no problem with radioactivity, while ordinary pharmacy requires control and protection.
