Producing ATP from Metabolic Pathways Flashcards
Explain why glycolysis is required to produce ATP.
Glycolysis itself creates two ATP and pyruvate.
Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl CoA.
The acetyl CoA then enters the common metabolic pathway to generate a lot
more ATP.
Explain why glycogenolysis is required to produce ATP.
Glycogenolysis is the metabolic reaction that breaks down glycogen into free glucose (from liver).
The glucose is then taken out of the cell into the blood. Once in the blood the glucose can be trafficked to where it is required. Once it reaches these organs, glycolysis and the common metabolic pathway are employed to
generate a lot of ATP from the glucose.
Explain why common metabolic pathway is required to produce ATP.
Carbohydrate derived acetyl CoA enters the common metabolic pathway to generate
a lot a lot of ATP.
The common metabolic pathway begins with the citric acid cycle where NADH and FADH2 are made.
NADH and FADH2 are then taken to the electron transport chain where the electrons
stripped from the coenzymes are passed along the chain of protein complexes in the
ETC.
The ETC is coupled to another process called oxidative phosphorylation, which produces a lot of ATP by using the energy from movement of H+ through ATP synthase.
Explain why anaerobic respiration is required to produce ATP.
After most of the oxygen in the muscle is used up, anaerobic respiration is used
which does not require oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration converts pyruvate to lactate,
causing the lactic acid (lactate) to build up in the muscles.
The conversion of pyruvate
to lactate is a redox reaction that converts NADH to NAD+. The NAD+ is used in glycolysis, which allows glycolysis to continue (making 2 ATP at a time).
Which hormone assists the individual in obtaining energy from glycogen during strenuous exercise?
Explain by referencing the consequence of activating the identified metabolic process.
Glucagon activates the glycogen breakdown process, glycogenolysis.
After the glycogen is broken down into glucose, the glucose is then taken out of the cell and moves into the blood.
Once in the blood the glucose can move to the organ that
requires the glucose to produce ATP e.g. muscle or brain.
Which metabolic reaction that uses glucose takes preference to the other reactions?
Glycolysis itself creates two ATP and creates pyruvate which can be converted into
acetyl CoA.
The acetyl CoA then enters the common metabolic pathway to generate a lot more ATP.
Which metabolic reaction that uses glucose occurs next after the energy needs of the cell
have been met?
After the energy needs of the cell have been met glucose can be used for other
metabolic reactions other than glycolysis.
The excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle.
The metabolic reaction responsible for the conversion of many glucose units into glycogen is called glycogenesis.
Once the energy needs of the cells have been met and the glycogen stores of the
individual are full, what would excess glucose be used for?
The acetyl CoA derived from the glucose will be used to create fatty acids (via
lipogenesis).
Three fatty acids combine with one glycerol is generate a triacylglycerol (TAG), which is a type of lipid.
A TAG is the individual unit of fats and oils. TAGs are stored as fat in the adipose tissue.
