Multiple Choice 2 Flashcards
What carbohydrate digestion processes occur in the small intestine?
Glycosidic bonds are cleaved by many different enzymes to breakdown the polysaccharides and disaccharides into the individual monosaccharide units, which are absorbed by the small intestine.
What are the most important inputs and outputs of glycolysis and what is the importance of glycolysis?
The input for glycolysis is one glucose, whereas the output is two pyruvate. The importance of glycolysis is that it is a preparation step for making more ATP through other metabolic processes.
What impact would the release of insulin have on how often glycolysis occurs?
Insulin promotes the entry of glucose into cells where it can be used for glycolysis, therefore, glycolysis would occur more often.
What impact would the release of glucagon have on how often glycolysis occurs?
Glucagon promotes the exit of glucose from cells so it can not be used for glycolysis, therefore, glycolysis would occur less frequently.
What happens after pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the aerobic respiration reactions?
Acetyl CoA is incorporated into the citric acid cycle which generates products required to start the electron transport chain, which produces a significant amount of ATP in combination with oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the benefit(s) of anaerobic respiration?
The conversion of pyruvate into lactate is a redox reaction that oxidises NADH to generate NAD+, NAD+ is required to continue glycolysis, so that more ATP can be generated in the absence of oxygen.
What must happen in carbohydrate metabolism before the Citric Acid Cycle can begin?
Glucose is converted into pyruvate via glycolysis, and then (in the presence of oxygen) the pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA which is used in the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle.
What is main input and output of the Citric Acid Cycle and what is the cycles purpose?
The input of the CAC is acetyl CoA, whereas the output is the electron rich coenzymes NADH and FADH2. The purpose of the CAC is to generate the electron rich coenzymes which are used as an electron source to begin the ETC.
Describe how the coenzymes are utilised in the Citric Acid Cycle.
The NAD+ and FAD coenzymes are reduced in the redox reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle, forming the energy rich NADH and FADH2 coenzymes.
Why is oxaloacetate vital in the Citric Acid Cycle?
The oxaloacetetae produced in the last step of the previous cycle is required as a reactant in the first step of the next cycle of the Citric Acid Cycle.
