Processing affect

Question 1

what is intersubjectivity

Answer 1

the exchange between 2 minds. it is the infants ability to engage in dyadic affectively charged interactions w other ppl

Question 2

what is a proto converstations

Answer 2

a non verbal convo

Question 3

who originally recognised intersubjectivity

Answer 3

Bowlby 1969 but not a very complex understanding at this time.

Question 4

what do we need for intersubjectivity

Answer 4

affective communication

Question 5

what did darwin say was present from the very beggingin

Answer 5

empathy, 1871

Question 6

what is an infant very sensitive to

Answer 6

stimulus from the social world e.g. faces

Question 7

what does infant expectant

Answer 7

infant is experience expectant. has expectations for the world e.g. to be held by mother after birth as stated by Navarez 2013

Question 8

what is social fittedness

Answer 8

allows for non-verbal convo to happpen v early on. such as reciprocity, facial interactions.

Question 9

what did trevarthen find about parent-child convo

Answer 9

found children often led parent-child non verbal conversation. e.g. through reciprocity, body movements facial interactions. 1974

Question 10

what modes of interactions do infants have

Answer 10

1. object interactions. 2. ppl interactions, infants act with both differently. infants are more affectionate with ppl

Question 11

what is empathy the basis of

Answer 11

synchrony & resonance

Question 12

what does synchrony and resonance lead to

Answer 12

future of verbal convo

Question 13

what is post-partum plasticity. who researched it what did they suggest

Answer 13

when parents’ brains non-consciously become socially fitted. Feldman 2015 and suggested parents have parent/caregiving network in brain that gets activated.

Question 14

what are dyads pre-equiped to do. how long after birth. who said this

Answer 14

pre-equipped for co-ordinated interaction. just hours after birth. Feldman 2007

Question 15

what did Borstein say about synchrony

Answer 15

its a cross-cultural phenomenon. 2015. it differs between no cultures

Question 16

what is synchrony. who said it

Answer 16

it co-cordinates on going exchanges of sensory, hormonal and physiological stimulus between parent child interactoins. Feldman 2007

Question 17

what did paladino say about synchrony

Answer 17

said it can be induced. 2010

Question 18

what did Cirelli say about interpersonal synchrony

Answer 18

stated it increases pro-social behaviour

Question 19

what stages does synchrony follow

Answer 19

1. attraction 2. splitting 3. reforming. think a flock of birds in sky and how they fly in and out of formation.

Question 20

why is splitting/messiness important. and why is it important they re-attach

Answer 20

allows for self-awareness for infant but its important they re-attach otherwise fear arsies and infant cant yet self-regulate without its caregiver

Question 21

how quickly are healthy infant-parent dyads repaired. who said it. what happens if it isnt repaired

Answer 21

3-5s. Reck 2014. infant tries to self-regulate by sucking thumb or moving position.

Question 22

what did Donzella say builds resiliance and trust

Answer 22

sensitive re-attuning e.g. mothers touch

Question 23

what happened in face go/no-go task. what does it show

Answer 23

childrens false alarm rates improved significantly when sitting next to their mother. this shows the effectiveness of co-regulation

Question 24

whats important about a parent being emotionally avaliable.

Answer 24

when parent is emotinally avaliable they can share their emotional state therefore stress reactivity goes down which allows for infant innoculation and growth.

Question 25

what does synchrony do for attatchment.

Answer 25

its seen as a key predictor for healthy attatchment

Question 26

what is the human nest? how has it changed

Answer 26

human genus spent 90% of its existance in this state. Human nest is still mainly employed by african/hunter gatherer tribes. much closer connection with infant e.g. child nursed anywhere from 2-5 years, child can have multiple caregivers (social embeddedness). modern caregiving practices increasingly divergent from this

Question 27

how does the gaze of a caregiver affect an infant

Answer 27

its described as unifying the parent-child dyad

Question 28

what is the still face paradigm. why was it studied

Answer 28

when a mother is unresponsive to a babys coos and not talking to it just staring at it blankly the child will be visibly and physically stressed/unhappy. studied to look at effects of parental depression.

Question 29

what did Mclean study what did he find

Answer 29

2006. compared mothers traits with/without depression on safety/feeding practices/social practices on 2-4 mo babies. found mothers with depressoin more likely to employ wrong safety practices e.g. infant in wrong sleeping pos or not lowering bath water temp. + more likely to give food when rlly only breastfeeding reccomended at this age. + less likely to play/talk/show book to infant.

Question 30

what is a possible reason for a depressed mother not to brestfeed

Answer 30

negative-self. child may take too long to actually feed therefore mother doesn’t think shes good enough

Question 31

what did Laurnet say about depressed mothers

Answer 31

2012. depressed mothers show reduced neural activation to thier own infants cry. found by measuring % signal change in ventral striatum

Question 32

what did ingram find about depressed mothers

Answer 32

1984. depressed mothers much less focus on the external world and much more focus on the self (internal world)

Question 33

What did Murray find about infant temperament

Answer 33

found infant temperament could have a predicted development of parental depression (bi-directional relationship) 1996.

Question 34

what did Granat find about syncrhony

Answer 34

2017. depressed mothers showed significantly higher synchrony latency when being compared to mentally capable mothers. in terms of gaze and touch. also found synchrony duration is also less

Question 35

what causes infants to enter an alarm state

Answer 35

a caregivers emotional/physical unavaliability

Question 36

what does an alarm state cause

Answer 36

1. hyperarousal (fight or flight response activated) 2. freeze or collapse infants body becomes immobile.

Question 37

what does a failure to integrate affective experiences for the infant do. who said this

Answer 37

causes infant to become withdrawn and more focused on the self and less empathetic to other infants. Tronick 2011.