Processing Flashcards
What is meat processing?
Any mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic treatment of meat that alters the form in which it originally occurs.
What are the primary purposes of meat processing?
- Preservation and/or shelf-life extension.
- Tenderization (any means).
- Manipulation and control of composition (fat, moisture, protein)
- Portion control (shape, size, weight).
- Meat cookery.
- Improvement of consumer convenience.
What are the seven methods of meat preservation.
- Freezing
- Mechanical refrigeration.
- Heat pasteurization.
- Heat sterilization.
- Dehydration.
- Irradiation.
- Curing and smoking.
What is the most common method of preserving fresh meats?
Freezing.
What physical effects occur during freezing of meat?
- Inactivation of meat enzymes
- Inhibition of growth of spoilage organisms
What happens to meat juices during freezing?
Meat juices freeze at 28-29°F
What is the difference between slow and rapid freezing?
- Slow freezing: water pools and crystals stretch and rupture tissues, damaging meat quality
- Rapid freezing: smaller crystals form, preserving meat quality.
What is oxidative rancidity?
Oxygen interacts with carbon double bond forming aldehydes and shorter fatty acids
What causes freezer burn?
Moisture lost from frozen meat surface
What common meat preserver increases fat oxidation?
Salt.
List the five keys for chilled meat preservation.
- Keep in cold
- Keep it clean
- Remove essentially all the oxygen from package
- Prevent oxygen from reentering the package
- At least 25% carbon dioxide in package
What is sous vide?
A method of cooking in a vacuum-sealed bag at a controlled low temperature
What is modified atmosphere packaging?
Pushing nitrogen, CO2, oxygen, or a mixture into packaged meat to preserve it.
Who first developed canning?
Nicolas Appert in 1809
What is the difference between sterilized and pasteurized canned products?
- Sterilized products: shelf stable
- Pasteurized products: require refrigeration
What are some examples of sterilized meat products?
- Potted meat.
- Vienna-style wieners.
- Corned beef.
- Corned beef.
- Beef stew.
What are two examples of pasteurized meat products?
- Canned ham.
- Frankfurters.
What is the water activity (a_w) requirement for low moisture food?
a_w < 0.60 and < 25% moisture.
What is the water activity (a_w) requirement for intermediate moisture food?
a_w 0.60 to 0.85 and < 50% moisture.
What temperature constitutes low temperature drying?
<120 F.
What temperature constitutes high temperature drying?
> 200 F.
What are two other options for drying out food?
- Freeze drying.
- Salting.
What is irradiation in food processing?
Food exposed to radiant energy to eliminate foodborne pathogens
What is irradiation?
Food exposed to radiant energy (electron beam, gamma rays, or x-rays) to eliminate foodborne pathogens.