Milk and Dairy Industry Flashcards
What is the FAO definition of milk?
Milk is the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption as liquid milk or for further processing.
Milk intended for beverage use must be pasteurized or ultrapasteurized, containing not less than 8 1/4 percent non-fat milk solids and not less than 3 1/4 percent milkfat.
What is the FDA definition of milk?
Milk is the lacteal secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows.
Milk intended for beverage use must be pasteurized or ultrapasteurized, containing not less than 8 1/4 percent non-fat milk solids and not less than 3 1/4 percent milkfat.
According to FDA regulations, what process must milk undergo to be called milk?
Pasteurization or ultrapasteurization.
*May undergo homogenization.
According to FDA regulations, what is the maximum % milk non-milkfat solids that milk can contain?
8.25%.
According to FDA regulations, what is the maximum % milkfat that milk can contain?
3.25%.
According to FDA regulations, what can be added to milk to adjust it?
- Concentrated milk.
- Concentrated skim milk.
- Cream.
- Dry whole milk.
- Skim milk.
- Non-fat dry milk.
What is the historical significance of the domestication of sheep, goats, and cattle?
Domestication occurred 10,000 – 7,000 years ago, marking the beginning of milk production.
This event was crucial for the development of dairy farming.
What genetic mutation occurred around 6000 BCE related to milk consumption?
A genetic mutation allowed some adults to tolerate lactose.
This mutation is significant for the consumption of dairy products in certain populations.
Who invented pasteurization and when?
Louis Pasteur in the 1860s.
Pasteurization helps preserve fluid milk for long terms.
What was the impact of early 1600s immigrants on the dairy industry in the USA?
Immigrants brought cattle with them from Europe.
This helped establish milk production in the USA.
What happened to cattle in the 1800’s that impacted the dairy industry?
Cattle breeds specialized for dairy production were developed.
How did the movement of people to cities impact the dairy industry?
They were required to to mass produce to meet the demand and improve milk quality.
What was established by the USDA in 1895?
The Division of Agrostology and The Dairy Division.
These divisions focused on agricultural research and dairy management.
What USDA publication debuted in 1897?
The Dairy Herd: Its Formation and Management.
What legislation authorized USDA inspectors to enforce standards in the meat and dairy industries?
The Meat Inspection Act of 1890 and its amendment in 1906.
This legislation was crucial for ensuring sanitation and hygiene.
When did The Bureau of Animal Industry purchase the farm at Beltsville to conduct experimental work?
1910.
What are the six basic requirements of the sanitary system proposed by Charles E. North?
- Healthy cows
- Careful grooming of the cows
- Clean hands and clean clothing
- Clean, dust-free barns
- Thoroughly washed and sterilized milking utensils
- Prompt and effective cooling of the milk
What is the Standard Milk Ordinance (SMO) and when was it established?
The SMO set guidelines for the production and handling of milk. It was established in 1924 by the United States Public Health Service.
It set standards for milk production and safety.
What replaced the SMO in 1956?
The Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance established by the USDA.
When did Chicago become the first municipality to require pasteurization for all milk sold?
This marked a significant step in ensuring milk safety.
When did Michigan become the first state to require pasteurization?
1948.
What year did pasteurization become a national standard?
1987.
What was invented by Gail Borden in 1856 and why?
Gail Borden invented Eagle Brand condensed milk to address infant mortality caused by contaminated cow’s milk.
*Was a staple for Union soldiers during the Civil War and during WWII.
This product became a staple for Union soldiers during the Civil War.
What program was established in 1946 to provide free or low-cost meals to public school students?
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP).
It required schools to serve one cup of whole milk at every meal.
How did the NSLP help dairy producers?
It required schools serve one cup of whole milk at every meal.
How did NSLP help the entire field of agriculture?
It served as a way for the government to buy excess agricultural commodities.
What was the purpose of the ‘Got Milk?’ campaign launched in 1993?
To promote milk consumption nationwide.
It is considered one of the most successful advertising campaigns.
What organization licensed ‘Got Milk?’?
National Milk Processor Education Program (MilkPEP).
What percentage of the USA’s GDP does the dairy industry represent?
~3.5%.
This indicates the economic significance of the dairy sector.
What percentage of total annual milk production in the USA is from goat and sheep milk?
About 0.08%.
This highlights the smaller scale of goat and sheep milk production compared to cow milk.
What % of goat milk produced in the USA is used for fluid consumption? Cheese?
a. 24%.
b. 75%.
What % of sheep milk produced in the USA is used for cheese?
95%.
What is the general trend with USA liquid milk consumption?
Steady downward trend.
What used of liquid milk has stayed stable?
Its use in coffee and tea.
What cheese has seen the rapidest growth in popularity?
Mozzarella.
What is the general trend with USA per capita dairy consumption?
Steady increase with a sharp increase starting in 2016.
What two dairy products have seen a sharp rise in consumption?
- Cheese.
- Yogurt.
