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Process types Flashcards

1
Q

How can you summarized the transitivity system?

A

It is the grammatical system by which the chunking up of the flow of events is achieved. It is split up into individual processes which are referred to as a figure.

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2
Q

What is a figure?

A

All figures consist of a PROCESS unfolding through time and of PARTICIPANTS
being directly involved in this process in some way; and in addition there may be
CIRCUMSTANCES of time, space, cause, manner or one of a few other types.

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3
Q

What is the transitivity systems unit of interest an why?

A

The clause, because it is:
1. a means of giving and demanding information.
2. a mode of reflection, of imposing order on the endless variation and flow of events we perceive.

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4
Q

Within the transitivity analysis, what are the central clause elements?

A
  1. Process: the central element (verbs)
  2. Participants: close to the central element (nominal groups or nouns)
  3. Circumstances: more peripheral elements (adverbs, prepositions, adjectives etc.).
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5
Q

How is process analysis carried out?

A

Form = verb or verb phrase
● There must be a process in every clause in English
● Processes can be classified into different types (with
some degree of difficulty and disagreement)
● Each process type behaves in different ways and has
different restrictions and options
● Each process type takes different types of participants

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6
Q

What are the process types and their core participants?

A
  1. Material (Actor/goal)
  2. Relational (Carrier/Attribute or token/value)
  3. Mental (Senser/phenomenon)
  4. Verbal (Sayer/projection)
  5. Behavioural (Behaver)
  6. Existential (There is/existent)
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7
Q

What is projection?

A

When language is used to report language describing an action or state. We can report both speech and thoughts/ideas.

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8
Q

What are material processes?

A

Material processes:
▪ Are processes of doing and happening
▪ Represent experiences taking place in the material world*
▪ Have one inherent participant, the Actor (who performs an action),
and may have additional participants

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9
Q

What are the probe questions for material processes?

A

1) Can you add right now and make the verb progressive? Yes
2) Can the verb project? No
3) Can you rephrase the sentence to “What X did was”? Yes

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10
Q

What are relational processes?

A

Are processes of being and having
▪ Construe relationships between participants in two different
modes – attribution (class membership) and identification
(symbolization)
▪ Have two core participants, depending on mode: Carrier/Attribute
or Token/Value

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11
Q

What are the probe questions for relational processes?

A

1) Can you add right now and make the verb progressive? No
2) Can the verb project? No
3) Can you rephrase the sentence to “What X did was”? No
4) If the verb is not be or have, could you substitute it with be or have? Yes

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12
Q

What are the three types of relational processes?

A
  1. intensive (x is y)
  2. possesive (x has y)
  3. Circumstancial (x is at y)
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13
Q

What are the modes of relation relational processes can carry?

A
  1. Attributive: non-reversible relations
  2. Identifying: fully reversible relations
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14
Q

What are the probe questions for identifying the type of relational process?

A

1) Can you reverse the participants? Yes
2) If the verb is be, could you substitute it with represent? Yes

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15
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Are processes of sensing (i.e., perception, cognition, desideration,
and emotion)
▪ Represent processes in the world of abstract consciousness
▪ Have one inherent participant, the Senser – the participant
endowed with consciousness who senses

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16
Q

What are the probe questions for mental processes?

A

1) Does it sound natural to add right now and make the verb progressive? No
2) Can the verb project and is that projection an idea or a fact? Yes
3) Is the sensing participant sentient? Yes

17
Q

What are verbal processes?

A

▪ Are processes of saying
▪ Also include processes that are not necessarily verbal (e.g. show)
▪ Central participant is the Sayer – the participant who does the
saying; is typically human or human-like but can also be symbolic

18
Q

What are the probe questions for verbal processes?

A

1) Can you add right now and make the verb progressive? Yes
2) Can the verb project and is that projection speech? Yes
3) Can you add a Receiver or a Target to the clause? Yes

19
Q

What is a receiver?

A

An addressee

20
Q

What is a target?

A

The entity targeted by verbs of saying such as praise and insult

21
Q

Which process types can project?

A

Mental and Verbal

22
Q

What are behavioural processes?

A

Behavioural processes:
▪ Construe (human) behaviour, including mental and verbal
behaviour, as an active version of verbal and mental processes
▪ Central participant is endowed with human consciousness, the
Behaver
▪ Include processes close to material: tremble
▪ Include processes close to mental and verbal: laugh

23
Q

What are the probe questions for behavioural processes?

A

1) Can you add right now and make the verb progressive? Yes
2) Can the verb project? No
3) Is the behaving participant sentient? Yes
4) Does the process have both a mental/verbal and a material aspect to it? Yes

24
Q

What are existential processes?

A

Existential processes:
▪ Resemble relational processes in that they construe a participant
involved in a process of being
▪ Differ from relational processes in that there is only one
participant, the Existent – the entity which exists
▪ Prototypically, the Existent is introduced into the text with “There”
followed by a form of be
e.g. Once upon a time, there was a princess…

25
Q

What is the probe question for existential processes?

A

Does the process include there* + (to) be? Yes

26
Q

How can we troubleshoot if we struggle with identifying the process type?

A
  1. What are possible alternate verbs?
    If you are unsure of what the process type is, try replacing the verb
    with another, similar verb, and see if you can identify the process
    type:
    This makes a very good stuffing. → This is a very good stuffing.
  2. How many processes are there and which should we analyze?
    You may encounter complex verbal groups in your clauses which
    contain a number of verbs. Where these occur, the last verbal group
    is the relevant one for determining the process type.
27
Q

Name the circumstance types and their key questions part 1.

A
28
Q

Name the circumstance types and their key questions part 2.

A
29
Q

What does transitivity analysis provide?

A

Provides a way to categorize:
* Who are the main participants in a text?
* What processes are they carrying out or are
they a part of?
* Under what circumstances?

30
Q

What are participants?

A

Participants are the parties involved in a process.
● How many participants are required depends on the
process
● What the participants are called depends on the
process as well
● Knowing the participants associated with the different
process types can help us in identifying the process
type, and vice versa
● Form = typically nouns or noun phrases, but also
adjectives and sometimes prepositional phrases

31
Q

What are the participants of material processes?

A

Actor – Participant who performs an action
▪ Goal – Participant affected by or brought into being by an
action
▪ Range – Participant specifying the scope of a happening, and which
is unaffected by an action. Can occur in clauses without a Goal.
▪ Beneficiary – Participant who benefits from an action. Subtypes
include Client (for whom an action is performed) and Recipient (the
receiver of goods or services)

32
Q

What are the participants of relational processes?

A

Carrier and Attribute – In an attributive relational clause, the
Carrier is the participant being described, and the Attribute is the
participant which describes the Carrier.
▪ Token and Value – In an identifying relational clause, the Token is
the participant which is being identified, and the Value is the
participant which identifies the Token.*

33
Q

How can we troubleshoot for Carrier/Attribute or Token/Value?

A

An Attribute is a characteristic of the Carrier.
* A Token is a specific example of a general Value.
* Hints for labeling Carrier-Attribute versus Token-Value
* Usually if there is an adjective, it is an Attribute
* If there is an indefinite article (a / an), it is often an Attribute
* If there is a definite article (the), it is often a Value
* If you can reverse it, it is usually Token-Value/Value-Token

34
Q

What are the participants of a mental process?

A

Mental processes may involve the following participants:
▪ Senser – Participant endowed with consciousness who senses
something
▪ Phenomenon – Participant that is being sensed
▪ Recall from last week that mental processes can also have a
projected clause (instead of the Phenomenon)

35
Q

What participants are part of the verbal process type?

A

Sayer – Participant who says or expresses something
▪ Verbiage – Participant that is expressed (i.e., the content of the
saying)
▪ Receiver – Participant who is addressed (i.e., the addressee)
▪ Target – Participant targeted by certain verbs of saying, such as
praise and insult

36
Q

What are the participants of the given process types?

A
37
Q

How should we represent transitivity in our presentation?

A

For you to consider when you are wrapping up your transitivity analyses
today -
Think of the reading (Neumann 2003):
* What register did this paper investigate?
– What register is your text?
* What process type or types were particularly frequent in this register? Why
might that be?
– What process type(s) are frequent in your text? Why might
that be?
– Did the process type(s) change by GSP element?
* What is the role of participants and circumstances in this register?
– What is the role of participants and circumstances in your
text? Why might that be? Do they change by GSP element?

38
Q

Which types of analysis did we encounter during class?

A

CC
* Field, tenor, mode
* GSP
* The different elements in your text
* Intonation
* Tonality, tonicity, paratones
* Cohesion through intonation, reasons for marked intonation
* Mood
* Interrogative, imperative, declarative
* Neutral and marked mood, reasons for marked mood
* Transitivity
* Participants, processes, circumstances

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