Process of Healing Flashcards
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Clotting Factor I
Name: Fibrinogen
Function: Coverts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot
Pathway: Common
Clotting Factor II
Name: Prothrombin
Function: converts to thrombin
Pathway: Common
Clotting Factor III
Name: Tissue Factor/ TF
Function: Triggers blood clotting
Pathway: extrinsic
Clotting Factor IV
Name: Calcium/ CA++
Function: binds to phospholipids to facilitate clotting
Pathway: All 3
Clotting Factor V
Name: Proaccelerin/ Labile factor
Function: ?
Pathway Extrinsic and Intrinsic
Clotting Factor VII
Name: Proconcertin/ Stable Factor
Function: Initiates the coagulation cascade with III
Pathway: Extrinsic
Clotting Factor VIII
Name: Antihemophilic Factor A
Function: essential for blood clotting
Pathway: Intrinsic
Clotting Factor IX
Name: Antihemophilic B/ Christmas Factor
Function: Essential for blood clotting
Pathway: Intrinsic
Hemostasis Phase
(Primary Activities)
Vasoconstriction
Platelet Activation
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation Cascade
Fibrin Plug formation
Inflammation Phase
(Primary Activities)
Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
Neutrophil infiltration
Macrophage infiltration
Lymphocyte infiltration
Debridement
Proliferation Phase
(Primary Activities)
Fibroblast infiltration
Re-epithelialization
Angiogensis
Extracellular matrix formation
Type III collagen formation
Wound contraction by myofibroblasts
Remodeling Phase
(Primary Activities)
Collagen remodeling to type I
Scar tissue maturation
Microvascular regression
Tensile strength increase
Angiogenesis
formation of blood vessels
Arachidonic Acid
precursor in the production of leukotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes
Basophil
WBC in the subgroup of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
Bradykinin
Very potent local vasodilator. Increases vascular permeability and stimulates local pain receptors
Chemokines
Prevent angiogenesis during clot formation and remodeling phases but promote angiogenesis during inflammation and proliferation phases
Chemotactin
Agent that facilitates chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
Movement or orientation of cells in response to a chemical stimulus after an injury
Type I Collagen
Most abundant
High in tensile strength
Found in dermis, fascia, bone, ligaments, tendons, and scar tissue
Type II Collagen
Found in cartilage
Type III Collagen
Found in blood vessels and granulation tissue of recent wounds
Type IV Collagen
found in basement membranes
Type V Collagen
found in interstitial tissue
Collagenase
produced by new epithelial cells and fibroblasts
involved in collagen degradation in a wound. controls collagen content in a would
Common Pathway
3rd pathway in the coagulation cascade
AKA thrombin pathway
completes the blood clotting cascade to form the fibrin plug
Cytokines
regulate the immune response and mediate intercellular communication
AKA Growth Factros
They can facilitate or inhibit activity
Eosinophil
WBC in the subgroup of PMNs
Promotes hemostasis and tissue repair
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Produced by Platelets during early inflammation and proliferation phases
starts a cascade to enhance cell mobility.
in early proliferation, it increases the epithelialization rate and later prevents excessive scarring
Extrinsic Pathway
Blood clotting that occurs when plasma comes in contact with an extrinsic trigger to start the blood clotting cascade
Involves factors III, VI, and X
Mechanism begins hemostasis following trauma
Clotting Factor X
Name: Stuart-Prower Factor
Function: combines with prothrombin to create thrombin in the final pathway
Pathway: extrinsic and intrinsic
Exudate
material that escapes from blood vessels after injury
as PMNs die and decompose, it may resemble as pus however, no infection is present
Fibrillogenesis
development of fine fibers
early development of collagen fibers seen during the proliferation healing phase
Fibrin
insoluble fibrous protein formed by fibrinogen
important in clotting
Fibrinogen
enzyme in plasma
converts fibrin to form a plug in early healing at an injury site
Fibrinolysin
enzyme in plasma released later in healing
converts fibrin into a soluble substance to unplug the lymphatic system at the the injury site
Fibrinolysis
normal breakdown of clots
occurs about 3 days after injury to remove the fibrin clot
Clotting Factor XIII
Name: Fibrin stabilizing factor/ Laki-Lorand factor
Function: Stabilizes the fibrin clot by enabling cross-links within the fibrin strands
Stabilizes the wound site’s hemostasis
Fibroblast
connective tissue cell that differentiates into chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and collagenoblasts
Forms the fibrous tissues
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and myoblasts.
Granulation Tissue
Newly formed, highly vascular tissue produced during wound healing
eventually forms the scar of the wound
characteristically has beefy-red appearance with small, red, velvety nodular masses
Hemostasis
body’s immediate response to injury, stopping bleeding
circulating platelets and clotting factors in the bloodstream move to injury site
Histamine
increases vascular permeability to release proteins and fibronectin to the injury site
released by mast cells and granulocytes
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
regulates general tissue growth, development, and repair.
Important role in muscle tissue repair and reinnervation
Intrinsic Pathway
Blood clotting mechanism that occurs without adding an extrinsic factor
Involves factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, and V.
triggered by internal damage to the blood vessel
Kinin
generic term for polypeptides related to bradykinin
mediates the classic signs of inflammation
cases increased microvascular permeability
Leukotriene
compound formed from arachidonic acid
regulates inflammatory reactions
Lymphocytes
found in blood and lymph
produces antibodies
Macrophages
regulators of the repair process
Carry out phagocytosis at an injury site
secrete fibronectin and coagulation factors
help keep inflammation localized
enhance collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation
Mast Cells
Connective tissue cells
AKA mastocytes and labrocytes
store and produce various mediators of inflammation
release histamine, and other mediators
increases local blood flow, attracts immune cells, stimulates production of fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and promotes and controls remodeling of ECM
Monocytes
remove debris from an injury site
formed in bone marrow and transported to tissues where they become macrophages
Myoblast
forms myotubes, which eventually evolve into muscle fiber
Myofibroblasts
responsible for wound contraction
results in a smaller scar
Neutrophil
Contain toxic chemicals that bind to microorganisms to kill them
Phagocyte
Engulf and absorb bacteria, debris, and other particles
Protects body against infection and removes dead cells and debris from injured or infected sites
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte (PMN)
Type of WBC with more than one nucleus. AKA neutrophil
Chemotactic and phagocytic in the healing process
Prostaglandin (PG)
Hormone found primarily in arachidonic acid when a cell membrane is damaged
mediates cell migration during inflammation and modulates serotonin and histamine
Mediates myofibroblasts, initiates early phases of injury repair, and plays a role in later stages of inflammation
Proteoglycan
found in synovial fluid and connective tissue matrix
provides a resilient matrix to inhibit cell migration
regulates cell function and proliferation and regulates collagen fibrillogenesis
Satellite cells
Stem cells present in muscle that lie within muscle in a normally dormant state
activated at injury and regenerate new muscle tissue
Also regulate fibroblast presence and activity during healing
Serotonin
hormone that produces vasoconstriction in small vessels after norepinephrine activity is complete
occurs only when blood vessel endothelial walls are damaged
later initiates reactions leading to collagen cross-linking
Thrombin
converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a fibrin plug early in inflammation phase
later stimulates fibronectin production and fibroblast proliferation
Thromboxane
acts as a vasoconstrictor and potent inducer of platelet aggregation
Anastomosis
a cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of a network
