Ch. 1 & 2 Flashcards
Planes, Joints, Bones
Anteroposterior (AP) Plane
Divides the body into right and left halves
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into right and left halves
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into front and back
Coronal Plane
Divides the body into front and back
Transverse Plane
Divides body into superior and inferior
Axial/Horizontal Plane
Divides body into superior and inferor
Frontal/Mediolateral Axis
Axis for Sagittal plane
Runs medial to lateral
Sagittal/Anteroposterior Axis
Axis for frontal plane
Runs anterior to posterior
Vertical/Longitudinal Axis
Axis for Transverse Plane
Runs head to toes
Fetal Position
Lying on either side
spine,head and extremities flexed inwards
Hook Lying
Supine
Hips flexed 45
Knees flexed 90
Feet flat on table
(Think crunches stance)
AKA Dorsal Recumbent
Lateral Recumbent
Lying on their side
knees and hips straight or slightly flexed
(Think recovery position)
Long Sitting
Sitting with legs extended forward and toes pointed
Trunk erect and hands on hips or on table
Short Sitting
Sitting upright with knees flexed and legs hanging over the edge
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Volar
Relating to the palm
Anteversion
excessive rotation forward in the transverse plane
(toes towards the midline)
Retroversion
excessive rotation backwards in the transverse plane
(toes away from midline)
Kyphosis
Increased curve of the spine outward in the sagittal place
(Hunch Back)
Lordosis
Increased curve of the spine inward in the sagittal place
Recurvatum
bending backward in the sagittal plane
hyperextension of the knees
Scoliosis
lateral curve of the spine in the frontal plane
Valgus
Outward angle of distal segment of joint in the frontal plane
Varus
inward angle of distal segment of a joint in the frontal plane
Diagonal/Oblique Plane
Combo of more than 1 plane of motion
High Diagonal Plane
Used for overhand movements
Lower Diagonal planes
one for underhand movements
one for lower extremity movements
Diagonal/Oblique Axis
Runs at a right angle to diagonal Plane
Long Bones
Long cylindrical shaft
Wide protruding ends
serve as levers for the body
Short Bones
Small and cube shaped
proportionally large articular surface
provide shock absorption
Flat Bones
have a curved surface
varying from thick to thin
generally provide protection
Irregular Bones
irregularly shaped
include bones throughout the spine, ischium,pubis, and maxilla
Sesamoid Bones
small bones embedded within a tendon
Diaphysis
shaft
long cylindrical portion of the wall
Cortex
diaphysis walls
hard dense compact bone
Endosteum
membrane that covers the cortex
Periosteum
fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
lies between the walls of the diaphysis
Epiphysis
ends of long bones
shaped to join with the epiphysis of another bone
formed by trabecular (spongy) bone
Epiphyseal Plate
aka growth plate
thin plate of cartilage that separates the diaphysis from epiphysis
Metaphysis
wider portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis
Apophyses
bony process with an independent center of ossification and associated growth plate
are origins and/or insertions for muscles
Bone Processes
elevated form joints or points of attachment
Bone Cavities
depressions
openings and grooves for structures to run through
Condyle
large, rounded projection that usually articulates with another bone
Facet
small, flat or nearly flat surface
Head
prominent, rounded projection of the proximal end of a bone
Angle
(Bone)
bend or protruding angular projection
Border/Margin
edge or boundary line of a bone
Crest
prominent, narrow, ridgeline projection
epicondyle
projection located above a condyle
Line
(Bone)
ridge of bone less prominent that crest
Process
any prominent projection
Ramus
Part of an irregularly shaped bone that is thicker than a process and forms an angle with the main body
Spine/Spinous Process
Sharp, slender projection
Suture
(Bone)
Line of union between bones
Trochanter
very large projection
Tubercule
small, rounded projection
Tuberosity
large, rounded or roughened projection
Facet
Flattened or shallow articulating surface
Foramen
rounded hole or opening in bone
Fossa
hollow, depressed, or flattened surface
Fovea
very small pit or depression
Meatus
tubelike passage within a bone
Notch
Depression in the margin of a bone
Sinus
Cavity or hollow space within a bone
Sulcus/Groove
furrow or groovelike depression on a bone
Fibrous Joints
Joined together by connective tissues and mostly not moveable
Cartilaginous Joints
joined together by hyaline cartilage and allows slight movement
Synovial Joints
moveable and diarthrodial
Synarthrodial Joints
Sutures in the cranial bones
Comphosis sockets of the teeth
Syndesmosis
(Amphiarthrodial Joint)
held together by strong ligamentous
minimal movement
Symphysis
(Amphiarthrodial Joint)
Separated by a fibrocartilage pad
very slight movement
Synchondrosis
(Amphiarthrodial Joint)
Separated by hyaline cartilage
very slight movement
Diarthrodial Joints
aka synovial joints
have further classifications
has a joint capsule which thickens in areas to form ligaments
hyaline cartilage at ends of bones
Degrees of Freedom
number of directions that a joint may move and corresponds to the planes of motion
Ginglymus Joint
(Diarthrodial Joints)
hinge joint
wide ROM in 1 plane
1 DoF
Trochoidal Joint
(Diarthrodial Joints)
pivot, screw joint
rotational movement about an axis
1 DoF
Condyloidal Joint
(Diarthrodial Joints)
ellipsoid, ovoid, biaxial ball and socket
movement in 2 planes without rotation
2 DoF
Enarthodial Joint
(Diarthrodial Joints)
spherodial, multiaxial ball, and socket
true ball and socket with motion in all planes
3 DoF
Arthodial Joint
(Diarthrodial Joints)
Gliding, plane joint
2 flat bony surfaces right against each other
3 DoF
Sellar Joint
(Diarthrodial Joints)
found in the carpometacarpal joint
3 DoF
