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Mosby's Exam Review > Procedures- Brain > Flashcards

Procedures- Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What type of acquisition is used for a CT head scan?

A

Axial

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2
Q

What are the axial plane CT images to be set parallel to during acquisition?

A

Infra-orbital mental line

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3
Q

How many degrees above the IOML is the head acquisition performed?

A

15

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4
Q

If the acquisition for a CT head is set to 15 degrees above the IOML, what is the scan plane parallel to and how is it beneficial?

A

Parallel to the skull base;

Reduces orbital dose and minimize beam-hardening artifact

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5
Q

Which type of image acquisition provides the best z-axis resolution?

A

Axial/sequential

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6
Q

What size slices or sections are acquired from the skull base through the posterior fossa?

A

2-5mm

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7
Q

What size slices or sections are acquired from posterior fossa through the vertex?

A

5-10mm

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8
Q

What artifact is reduced when thinner sections are acquired through the posterior fossa?

A

Beam-hardening caused by petrous pyramids

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9
Q

Z-axis resolution allows for high quality exams of the brain with what type of acquisition?

A

Helical/volumetric

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10
Q

Which type of scan acquisition is preferred whenever MPR or 3-D imaging is anticipated or when examination speed is a critical issue?

A

Helical/volumetric

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11
Q

What size slice thickness/detector configuration is used for data acquisition of a CT head?

A

Thin (~0.6mm)

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12
Q

What size slice thickness is used for reconstructions of a CT head?

A

Thick

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13
Q

What algorithm is used for reconstruction of a CT head?

A

Standard or soft tissue

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14
Q

What type of algorithm can also be used for reconstruction of the head for suspected fractures or other skeletal abnormalities?

A

Bony or high spatial frequency

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15
Q

What’s the WW and WL setting for Gray/white matter?

A

WL: 35 and WW: 100

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16
Q

What’s the WW and WL of bone?

A

WL:400 and WW: 3,000

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17
Q

What’s the WW and WL of a hemorrhage/hematoma?

A

WL: 75 and WW: 150

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18
Q

What’s the WW and WL for acute ischemia?

A

WL: 35 and WW:25

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19
Q

What type of pathology is improved by high-contrast windowing?

A

Acute stroke

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20
Q

What CT exam of the brain is routinely indicated for trauma to diagnose intracranial hemorrhage or hematoma?

A

Non-contrast

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21
Q

Why is administering CM in a trauma patient initially contraindicated?

A

Contrast can mask subtle signs of hemorrhage

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22
Q

What exam is usually ordered first by protocol for evaluation of acute stroke?

A

Unenhanced CT of the brain

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23
Q

What must be ruled out on a scan before thrombotic therapy?

A

Hemorrhage

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24
Q

What are other indications of a head CT?

A
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Mass or tumor
  • Primary neoplasms of brain- meningioma, schwannoma, and gliomas like astrocytoma
  • Metastatic lesions usually from lung, breast, renal and GI cancer
  • Bony abnormalities
  • Endocrine pathology
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25
Q

What indications would iodinated contrast be administered for a head scan?

A

Arteriovenous malformation, suspected neoplasm, or attention to the pituitary gland

26
Q

What type of scan acquisition, what size thickness, and what imaging plane is acquired for a pituitary scan?

A

Coronal plane, thin section (1-3mm), helical imaging

27
Q

What type of imaging technique is required for a study of the temporal bones and internal auditory canal?

A

High-resolution imaging technique

28
Q

What factors are involved when using a high-resolution imaging technique for temporal bones and internal auditory canals?

A

Thin slices
Small DFOV
high-resolution reconstruction algorithm

29
Q

What two planes are thin sections of a temporal bone reconstructed into?

A

Axial and coronal

30
Q

What factor of MPR imaging allows for reduced radiation dose from coronal sliced images during axial acquisitions?

A

Isotropic

31
Q

Should reconstructions of temporal bones be acquired unilaterally or bilaterally?

A

Bilaterally

32
Q

What is the reason for using a small DFOV or increased zoom factor on a temporal bone reconstruction image?

A

To maximize resolution of the small bony components of the inner ear

33
Q

What type of algorithm is used to reconstruct the temporal bones?

A

High spatial frequency/bone

34
Q

What is the biggest cause of image degradation when imaging temporal bones?

A

Motion

35
Q

What are 2 indications for CM for a CT of the temporal bones?

A

Tissue neoplasm, vascular anomalies

36
Q

When imaging orbits, the axial is to be parallel to what anatomical landmark?

A

IOML

37
Q

What size slices should an axial acquisition of the orbits be?

A

Thin- (1-3mm)

38
Q

How do coronal images align with axial images of the orbits?

A

Perpendicular

39
Q

Why would the acquisition angle be adjusted for a CT of the orbits?

A

To avoid dental apparatus

40
Q

What anatomical structure is the area of interest for oblique Sagittal and oblique coronal MPR of the orbits?

A

Optic nerve

41
Q

What algorithm is used when reconstructing orbits?

A

Standard or soft tissue

42
Q

What would an additional bone algorithm for orbit reconstructions be useful for?

A

Trauma indications

43
Q

What is the WW and WL of soft tissue of the orbits?

A

WL 40 and WW 400

44
Q

What would the WW and WL setting be for orbit bone window?

A

WL 400 and WW 3,000

45
Q

What indications would require CM to be administered for a CT of the orbits?

A

Vascular abnormalities, inflammation, suspected neoplasm

46
Q

When imaging sinuses, the axial images should be parallel to what?

A

Hard palate

47
Q

The acquisition for a sinus exam should extend inferiorly and anteriorly to include which to anatomical structures?

A

Maxillary and ethmoid sinuses

48
Q

The acquisition for a sinus exam should extend superiorly to include which to anatomical structure?

A

Frontal sinus

49
Q

The acquisition for a sinus exam should extend posteriorly to include which to anatomical structure?

A

Sphenoid sinus

50
Q

Which two patient positions can be performed to obtain coronal images of the sinuses?

A

Prone or supine with head dropped back

51
Q

What is a benefit of having an additional coronal position?

A

Demonstrates changing air-fluid levels and other sinus-related disease

52
Q

The coronal and sagittal planes of the sinuses help visualize which anatomical structure?

A

Osteomeatal complex

53
Q

Which structure is a common place to acquire sinus inflammation?

A

Osteomeatal complex

54
Q

What type of sinus scan provides a limited coronal acquisition through the sinuses?

A

Low-dose survey

55
Q

What two reconstructions should be created when imaging the facial bones?

A

Axial and coronal

56
Q

Which two algorithms are used to visualize the facial bones?

A

Standard and bone algorithms

57
Q

What is the WL and WW of soft tissue for the facial bones?

A

WL 40 and WW 400

58
Q

What is the WW and WL of bone for the facial bones?

A

WL 400 and WW 3,000

59
Q

What two plane acquisitions are needed for CT of the TMJ joints?

A

Axial and coronal

60
Q

What two positions can the patient perform TMJ joints for a CT?

A

Open- and closed- mouth

61
Q

What is an indication for CM with a TMJ CT scan?

A

Suspected neoplasm

Mosby's Exam Review (18 decks)

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