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Ophthalmic Assisting > Problems/disorders > Flashcards

Problems/disorders Flashcards

1
Q

scotoma

A

non-seeing area within the visual field

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2
Q

bitemporal (heteronymous) hemianopsia

A
  • outer half of each eye without sight (right half of right & left half of left)
  • lesion in optic chiasm (region III of visual pathway)
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3
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A
  • same half of each eye without sight (right half of both right & left eye)
  • lesion b/w chiasm & occipital visual cortex (opposite side)
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4
Q

papilledema

A
  • optic nerve (disc) swelling

- b/c of increased intracranial pressure

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5
Q

glaucoma

A
  • increased intraocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers
  • visual field defects
  • increased size of optic cup
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6
Q

age related macular degeneration

A
  • deterioration of the macula
  • loss of sharp, central vision
  • dry (yellowish deposits under pigment epithelial layer) vs. wet (abnormal vessels grow under retina and leak fluid/blood)
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7
Q

cataracts

A
  • cloudiness of the lens

- prevents clear image from forming on retina

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8
Q

retinoblastoma

A
  • malignant intraocular tumor developed from retinal visual cells
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9
Q

strabismus

A
  • eye misalignment
  • eyes do not move normally
  • caused by extraocular muscle imbalance
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10
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A
  • retinal degeneration in both eyes, photocell loss

- progressive: night blindness to loss of peripheral vision, to tunnel vision to total blindness

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11
Q

Wilson’s disease

A
  • abnormal copper accumulation
  • Kayser-Fleisher ring in Descemet’s membrane
  • “sunflower” cataract
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12
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A
  • connective tissue disease

- very myopic, large corneas, cataracts, ptosis, strabismus or incomplete choroidal formation

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13
Q

Stargardt’s disease

A
  • macular degeneration b/w ages 6-20
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14
Q

keratonconus

A
  • degenerative corneal disease
  • thinning cornea
  • steepening cornea at center
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15
Q

corneal dystrophies

A
  • accumulation of abnormal material or water in the cornea

- leads to cloudiness and reduced vision

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16
Q

CRAO

A
  • central retinal artery occlusion
  • blood clot or fatty deposit blocks essential blood supply to retina
  • see “cherry-red spot” in macula b/c choroidal circulation showing through
  • complete loss of vision
  • painless
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17
Q

BRAO

A
  • branch retinal artery occlusion
  • partial loss of vision
  • painless
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18
Q

CRVO

A
  • central retinal vein occlusion
  • vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
  • painless
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19
Q

BRVO

A
  • branch retinal vein occlusion
  • vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
  • painless
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20
Q

vitreous hemorrhage

A
  • symptoms: floaters, cob web or lace curtain; blurry vision,
    reddish hue to vision
  • painless
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21
Q

retinal detachment

A
  • retina pulls away from back of eye (full or partial)
  • experience floaters or peripheral light flashes
  • painless
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22
Q

angle-closure glaucoma

A
  • painless, intermittent blurred vision
  • aqueous doesn’t exit eye through trabecular meshwork as it should
  • increase in IOP
  • use Van Herick Technique (pages 230-231)
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23
Q

dry eye

A
  • intermittent or continual vision changes
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24
Q

keratitis

A
  • inflammation of cornea

- distorted or blurred vision

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25
Q

amaurosis fugax

A
  • permanent retinal arteriolar strokes

- emergent attention - warning sign of stroke

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26
Q

ocular aura

A
  • ophthalmic migrane
  • see swirls of colorful light
  • urgent attention
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27
Q

diplopia

A
  • double vision

- urgent

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28
Q

uveitis

A
  • internal inflammation of the eyes (uvea)
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29
Q

iritis

A
  • iris spasms with inflammation
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30
Q

scleritis or episcleritis

A
  • inflammation of outer protective layers of eye

- no redness or discharge (unlike conjunctivitis)

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31
Q

periorbital/orbital cellulitis

A
  • lid swelling and pain
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32
Q

conjunctivitis

A
  • redness and discharge from conjunctivia
  • one eye = virus
  • both eyes = bacteria
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33
Q

optic neuritis

A
  • inflammation of optic nerve

- periorbital pain with vision loss

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34
Q

retrobulbar neuritis

A
  • inflammation of optic nerve fibers behind optic disc (where they leave eye)
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35
Q

giant cell (temporal) arteritis

A
  • inflammation of arteries supplying the head and eyes
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36
Q

photophobia

A
  • abnormal intolerance to light

- due to inflammatory processes or corneal nerve sending distressed impulses

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37
Q

blepharitis

A
  • inflammation of eyelids
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38
Q

seborrheic dermatitis

A
  • dandruff of eye lashes
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39
Q

chalazia

A
  • oil gland in eyelid is blocked
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40
Q

hordeola

A
  • “sty”

- acute infection of lash follicle

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41
Q

subconjunctival hemorrhage

A
  • blood vessels under conjunctiva have leaked
  • painless, red eye
  • no vision loss
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42
Q

ptosis

A
  • droopy eyelid
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43
Q

anisocoria

A
  • difference in size b/w pupils (>1 mm)
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44
Q

eccentric fixation

A
  • patient has learned to fixate on other retinal area (not macula) b/c macula deficient
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45
Q

nystagmus

A
  • rhythmic jerking of the eyes
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46
Q

amblyopia

A
  • lazy eye
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47
Q

organic vision loss

A
  • due to disease, disorder & trauma
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48
Q

functional (non-organic) vision loss

A
  • no known organic cause

- malingering, factitious or hysterical

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49
Q

tropia

A
  • strabismus present all the time
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50
Q

phoria

A
  • strabismus present some of the time
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51
Q

Relative Afferent Pupillary defect (RAPD)

A
  • lack of consensual response

- one eye dilates, the other does not

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52
Q

Light Near dissociation

A
  • pupils react to objects coming near but not to light
53
Q

rubeosis

A
  • abnormal blood vessel growth in iris
54
Q

flare

A
  • aqueous has increased protein content

- causes scattering of slit lamp light

55
Q

senile miosis

A
  • pupils become smaller as we age
56
Q

hippus

A
  • NORMAL brain confusion

- causes pulsation of pupil when only one eye stimulated

57
Q

hyphema

A
  • injury to root of iris

- blood vessels bleed into anterior chamber

58
Q

hypopyon

A
  • pus accumulated in anterior chamber

- severe infection

59
Q

Protanomaly

A
  • deficient red cones
60
Q

Deuteranomaly

A
  • deficient green cones
61
Q

Tritanomaly

A
  • deficient blue cones
62
Q

protanopia

A
  • no red cones
63
Q

dueteranopia

A
  • no green cones
64
Q

tritanopia

A
  • no blue cones
65
Q

heterophoria

A
  • strabismus controlled by fusion

- discovered by covering one eye

66
Q

orthophoria

A
  • normal, eyes are straight
67
Q

heterotropia

A
  • constant deviation of eyes
68
Q

esophoria

A
  • controlled, one eye turns in
69
Q

esotropia

A
  • uncontrolled, one eye turns in
70
Q

accommodative esotropia

A
  • inward deviation due to high hyperopic refractive error

- may be corrected with lens

71
Q

non-accommodative esotropia

A
  • inward deviation not affected by lenses (need surgery)
72
Q

exotropia

A
  • uncontrolled out turning of eye
73
Q

exophoria

A
  • controlled out turning of eye
74
Q

convergence insufficiency

A
  • exodeviation is larger at near
75
Q

sensory exotropia

A
  • one eye with poor or no vision, drifts out
76
Q

pseudostrabismus

A
  • eyes appear crossed but nasal sclera is just hidden behind large skin folds
77
Q

comitant paralytic strabismus

A
  • measurements of strabismus are similar in different directions of gaze
78
Q

incomitant paralytic strabismus

A
  • measurements are different in varying directions of gaze
79
Q

CN III Palsy

A
  • affected eye “down & out”

- may have dilated pupil or drooping lid

80
Q

CN IV Palsy

A
  • hypertropia (upward deviation of one eye) with excyclotorsion
81
Q

CN VI Palsy

A
  • esotropic deviation
82
Q

dermatochalasis

A
  • excess of upper eyelid skin
83
Q

blepharochlalasis

A
  • spontaneous swelling of eyelids
84
Q

trichiasis

A
  • inward growth of eyelashes
85
Q

blepharospasm

A
  • involuntary twitching of eyelie
86
Q

lagophthalmos

A
  • incomplete closure of eye lids
87
Q

chalazion

A
  • clogged & inflamed oil gland on eyelid
88
Q

cellulitis

A
  • inflammation of tissues around eye
89
Q

alacrima

A
  • absence of tearing
90
Q

epiphora

A
  • excessive tearing (excess tears or inadequate draining)
91
Q

dry eye syndrome

A
  • dehydration of ocular surface
92
Q

canaliculitis

A
  • inflammation of canaliculus
93
Q

dacryoadenitis

A
  • inflammation of tear producing lacrimal gland
94
Q

dacryocystritis

A
  • inflammation in the lacrimal sac
95
Q

microphthalmia

A
  • born with small, malformed eye
96
Q

buphthalmos

A
  • unusually large eyeball & cornea
97
Q

anophthalmos

A
  • total absence of eye in orbit
98
Q

enophthalmos

A
  • retraction of globe & orbital contents
99
Q

exophthalmos

A
  • abnormal forward bulging of eye
100
Q

papillomas

A
  • raised vascular growths (on skin, conjuctiva, etc.)
101
Q

corneal ulcer

A
  • pitted defect in cornea

- infectious agent entered scratch

102
Q

Superficial Punctate Keratitis
or
Punctate Epithelial Erosions

A
  • loss of epithelial cells on surface of cornea
103
Q

keratoconus

A
  • progressive bulging & thinning of cornea
  • associated with high astigmatism & myopia
  • steepest curvature is inferiorly
  • circular pattern shown in topography
104
Q

dystrophy

A
  • progressive change in a tissue or organ due to defective metabolsim
105
Q

Fuch’s dystrophy

A
  • gradual & progressive loss of corneal endothelium
106
Q

pterygium

A
  • abnormal growth over limbus (where sclera & cornea meet) & onto cornea
107
Q

pannus

A
  • neovascularized & granulated tissue at limbus
108
Q

arcus senilis

A
  • whitening of cornea due to lipid deposits

- common in elderly

109
Q

amiodarone swirls

A
  • deposits below corneal epithelium
110
Q

Kayser-Fleischer Ring

A
  • copper deposts in Descement’s membrane
111
Q

Krukenbergy’s spindle

A
  • brown uveal pigments deposited on posterior corneal surface in spindle pattern
112
Q

subluxation/luxation of lens

A
  • partial or full breakage of lens from zonules
113
Q

coloboma

A
  • incomplete fusion of tissues during embryonic stage
  • effects iris & ciliary body, optic nerve
  • absence of zonules
114
Q

lisch nodules

A
  • small, round, raised lesions on iris
115
Q

pigmentary dispersion syndrome

A
  • pigment particles slough off iris and circulate in anterior and posterior chamber
116
Q

posterior vitreous detachment

A
  • pulling away from retina

- aging causes liquification

117
Q

asteroid hyalosis

A
  • multiple tiny deposits (calcium & phospholipids) in vitreous
118
Q

optic nerve cupping

A
  • cup-to-disc ratio

>0.6 = glaucoma; asymmetry >0.2=glaucoma

119
Q

optic nerve drusen

A
  • protein & calcium deposits in optic nerve

- look like yellowish spots

120
Q

optic nerve pallor

A
  • pale appearance indicating loss of nerve fibres
121
Q

optic neuritis (papillitis)

A
  • inflammation of optic nerve

- associated with MS

122
Q

retinopathy

A
  • abnormal growth of weak blood vessels

- vessels leak, bleed & tug on retina

123
Q

amaurotic pupil

A
  • pupil does not respond to direct light due to blindness
124
Q

synechiae

A
  • adhesion of iris and lens
125
Q

presbyopia

A
  • decrease in ability to focus near
  • loss of elasticity of lens or ciliary muscle function
  • due to age
126
Q

metamorphopsia

A
  • distortion of straight lines

- conduct amsler grid test

127
Q

with-the-rule astigmatism

A

-steepest curvature of cornea vertically, flattest horizontally

128
Q

pellucid marginal degeneration

A
  • pheripheral thinning of the inferior cornea without inflammation
  • may create irregular astigmatism
  • see “droopy bow-tie” pattern on topography

Ophthalmic Assisting (5 decks)

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