Problems/disorders Flashcards
scotoma
non-seeing area within the visual field
bitemporal (heteronymous) hemianopsia
- outer half of each eye without sight (right half of right & left half of left)
- lesion in optic chiasm (region III of visual pathway)
homonymous hemianopsia
- same half of each eye without sight (right half of both right & left eye)
- lesion b/w chiasm & occipital visual cortex (opposite side)
papilledema
- optic nerve (disc) swelling
- b/c of increased intracranial pressure
glaucoma
- increased intraocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers
- visual field defects
- increased size of optic cup
age related macular degeneration
- deterioration of the macula
- loss of sharp, central vision
- dry (yellowish deposits under pigment epithelial layer) vs. wet (abnormal vessels grow under retina and leak fluid/blood)
cataracts
- cloudiness of the lens
- prevents clear image from forming on retina
retinoblastoma
- malignant intraocular tumor developed from retinal visual cells
strabismus
- eye misalignment
- eyes do not move normally
- caused by extraocular muscle imbalance
retinitis pigmentosa
- retinal degeneration in both eyes, photocell loss
- progressive: night blindness to loss of peripheral vision, to tunnel vision to total blindness
Wilson’s disease
- abnormal copper accumulation
- Kayser-Fleisher ring in Descemet’s membrane
- “sunflower” cataract
Marfan Syndrome
- connective tissue disease
- very myopic, large corneas, cataracts, ptosis, strabismus or incomplete choroidal formation
Stargardt’s disease
- macular degeneration b/w ages 6-20
keratonconus
- degenerative corneal disease
- thinning cornea
- steepening cornea at center
corneal dystrophies
- accumulation of abnormal material or water in the cornea
- leads to cloudiness and reduced vision
CRAO
- central retinal artery occlusion
- blood clot or fatty deposit blocks essential blood supply to retina
- see “cherry-red spot” in macula b/c choroidal circulation showing through
- complete loss of vision
- painless
BRAO
- branch retinal artery occlusion
- partial loss of vision
- painless
CRVO
- central retinal vein occlusion
- vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
- painless
BRVO
- branch retinal vein occlusion
- vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
- painless
vitreous hemorrhage
- symptoms: floaters, cob web or lace curtain; blurry vision,
reddish hue to vision - painless
retinal detachment
- retina pulls away from back of eye (full or partial)
- experience floaters or peripheral light flashes
- painless
angle-closure glaucoma
- painless, intermittent blurred vision
- aqueous doesn’t exit eye through trabecular meshwork as it should
- increase in IOP
- use Van Herick Technique (pages 230-231)
dry eye
- intermittent or continual vision changes
keratitis
- inflammation of cornea
- distorted or blurred vision
amaurosis fugax
- permanent retinal arteriolar strokes
- emergent attention - warning sign of stroke
ocular aura
- ophthalmic migrane
- see swirls of colorful light
- urgent attention
diplopia
- double vision
- urgent
uveitis
- internal inflammation of the eyes (uvea)
iritis
- iris spasms with inflammation
scleritis or episcleritis
- inflammation of outer protective layers of eye
- no redness or discharge (unlike conjunctivitis)
periorbital/orbital cellulitis
- lid swelling and pain
conjunctivitis
- redness and discharge from conjunctivia
- one eye = virus
- both eyes = bacteria
optic neuritis
- inflammation of optic nerve
- periorbital pain with vision loss
retrobulbar neuritis
- inflammation of optic nerve fibers behind optic disc (where they leave eye)
giant cell (temporal) arteritis
- inflammation of arteries supplying the head and eyes
photophobia
- abnormal intolerance to light
- due to inflammatory processes or corneal nerve sending distressed impulses
blepharitis
- inflammation of eyelids
seborrheic dermatitis
- dandruff of eye lashes
chalazia
- oil gland in eyelid is blocked
hordeola
- “sty”
- acute infection of lash follicle
subconjunctival hemorrhage
- blood vessels under conjunctiva have leaked
- painless, red eye
- no vision loss
ptosis
- droopy eyelid
anisocoria
- difference in size b/w pupils (>1 mm)
eccentric fixation
- patient has learned to fixate on other retinal area (not macula) b/c macula deficient
nystagmus
- rhythmic jerking of the eyes
amblyopia
- lazy eye
organic vision loss
- due to disease, disorder & trauma
functional (non-organic) vision loss
- no known organic cause
- malingering, factitious or hysterical
tropia
- strabismus present all the time
phoria
- strabismus present some of the time
Relative Afferent Pupillary defect (RAPD)
- lack of consensual response
- one eye dilates, the other does not
Light Near dissociation
- pupils react to objects coming near but not to light
rubeosis
- abnormal blood vessel growth in iris
flare
- aqueous has increased protein content
- causes scattering of slit lamp light
senile miosis
- pupils become smaller as we age
hippus
- NORMAL brain confusion
- causes pulsation of pupil when only one eye stimulated
hyphema
- injury to root of iris
- blood vessels bleed into anterior chamber
hypopyon
- pus accumulated in anterior chamber
- severe infection
Protanomaly
- deficient red cones
Deuteranomaly
- deficient green cones
Tritanomaly
- deficient blue cones
protanopia
- no red cones
dueteranopia
- no green cones
tritanopia
- no blue cones
heterophoria
- strabismus controlled by fusion
- discovered by covering one eye
orthophoria
- normal, eyes are straight
heterotropia
- constant deviation of eyes
esophoria
- controlled, one eye turns in
esotropia
- uncontrolled, one eye turns in
accommodative esotropia
- inward deviation due to high hyperopic refractive error
- may be corrected with lens
non-accommodative esotropia
- inward deviation not affected by lenses (need surgery)
exotropia
- uncontrolled out turning of eye
exophoria
- controlled out turning of eye
convergence insufficiency
- exodeviation is larger at near
sensory exotropia
- one eye with poor or no vision, drifts out
pseudostrabismus
- eyes appear crossed but nasal sclera is just hidden behind large skin folds
comitant paralytic strabismus
- measurements of strabismus are similar in different directions of gaze
incomitant paralytic strabismus
- measurements are different in varying directions of gaze
CN III Palsy
- affected eye “down & out”
- may have dilated pupil or drooping lid
CN IV Palsy
- hypertropia (upward deviation of one eye) with excyclotorsion
CN VI Palsy
- esotropic deviation
dermatochalasis
- excess of upper eyelid skin
blepharochlalasis
- spontaneous swelling of eyelids
trichiasis
- inward growth of eyelashes
blepharospasm
- involuntary twitching of eyelie
lagophthalmos
- incomplete closure of eye lids
chalazion
- clogged & inflamed oil gland on eyelid
cellulitis
- inflammation of tissues around eye
alacrima
- absence of tearing
epiphora
- excessive tearing (excess tears or inadequate draining)
dry eye syndrome
- dehydration of ocular surface
canaliculitis
- inflammation of canaliculus
dacryoadenitis
- inflammation of tear producing lacrimal gland
dacryocystritis
- inflammation in the lacrimal sac
microphthalmia
- born with small, malformed eye
buphthalmos
- unusually large eyeball & cornea
anophthalmos
- total absence of eye in orbit
enophthalmos
- retraction of globe & orbital contents
exophthalmos
- abnormal forward bulging of eye
papillomas
- raised vascular growths (on skin, conjuctiva, etc.)
corneal ulcer
- pitted defect in cornea
- infectious agent entered scratch
Superficial Punctate Keratitis
or
Punctate Epithelial Erosions
- loss of epithelial cells on surface of cornea
keratoconus
- progressive bulging & thinning of cornea
- associated with high astigmatism & myopia
- steepest curvature is inferiorly
- circular pattern shown in topography
dystrophy
- progressive change in a tissue or organ due to defective metabolsim
Fuch’s dystrophy
- gradual & progressive loss of corneal endothelium
pterygium
- abnormal growth over limbus (where sclera & cornea meet) & onto cornea
pannus
- neovascularized & granulated tissue at limbus
arcus senilis
- whitening of cornea due to lipid deposits
- common in elderly
amiodarone swirls
- deposits below corneal epithelium
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
- copper deposts in Descement’s membrane
Krukenbergy’s spindle
- brown uveal pigments deposited on posterior corneal surface in spindle pattern
subluxation/luxation of lens
- partial or full breakage of lens from zonules
coloboma
- incomplete fusion of tissues during embryonic stage
- effects iris & ciliary body, optic nerve
- absence of zonules
lisch nodules
- small, round, raised lesions on iris
pigmentary dispersion syndrome
- pigment particles slough off iris and circulate in anterior and posterior chamber
posterior vitreous detachment
- pulling away from retina
- aging causes liquification
asteroid hyalosis
- multiple tiny deposits (calcium & phospholipids) in vitreous
optic nerve cupping
- cup-to-disc ratio
>0.6 = glaucoma; asymmetry >0.2=glaucoma
optic nerve drusen
- protein & calcium deposits in optic nerve
- look like yellowish spots
optic nerve pallor
- pale appearance indicating loss of nerve fibres
optic neuritis (papillitis)
- inflammation of optic nerve
- associated with MS
retinopathy
- abnormal growth of weak blood vessels
- vessels leak, bleed & tug on retina
amaurotic pupil
- pupil does not respond to direct light due to blindness
synechiae
- adhesion of iris and lens
presbyopia
- decrease in ability to focus near
- loss of elasticity of lens or ciliary muscle function
- due to age
metamorphopsia
- distortion of straight lines
- conduct amsler grid test
with-the-rule astigmatism
-steepest curvature of cornea vertically, flattest horizontally
pellucid marginal degeneration
- pheripheral thinning of the inferior cornea without inflammation
- may create irregular astigmatism
- see “droopy bow-tie” pattern on topography
