Drugs

Question 1

mydriatics

Answer 1

• pupil dilation

- stimulates sympathetic (iris dilator contracts) or stimulates parasympathetic (paralyzing iris sphincter muscle)

Question 2

drug

Answer 2

any substance other than food that alters the physiology of the body via chemical means

Question 3

Classification of Drugs with Abuse Potential

Answer 3

Schedule 1 - high potential, no medical uses ie) heroin
Schedule 2 - high potential with medical use ie) morphine
Schedule 3 - less potential, accepted medical use ie) barbiturates
Schedule 4 - even less potential, accepted medical use ie) benzodiazepines
Schedule 5 - even less potential, accepted medical use ie) cough syrups

Question 4

Labelled Indication

Answer 4

FDA approved for a specific disease; can market product for this

Question 5

Prodrug

Answer 5

• administered in inactive form

- converted by normal metabolic processes in body to active form

Question 6

Compounding

Answer 6

prepare pharmaceutical preparations not commercially available

Question 7

Intravitreal injections

Answer 7

• diluted concentration injected into vitreous humor

Question 8

Subconjunctival injections

Answer 8

• injected under conjectiva

Question 9

Periocular injections

Answer 9

• injected into tissue around the eye

Question 10

agonist

Answer 10

• activates a receptor

Question 11

antagonist

Answer 11

• inhibits a receptor

Question 12

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 12

• sympathetic nervous system

- alpha & beta

Question 13

Cholinergic receptors

Answer 13

• muscarinic (parasympathetic) - heart, smooth muscle & iris
• nicotinic - muscle (parasympathetic)
• nicotinic - ganglia (sympathetic)

Question 14

pharmacodynamics

Answer 14

action of drugs on receptors & tissues (what drug does to body)

Question 15

pharmacokinetics

Answer 15

study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs (what body does to the drug)

Question 16

ADR - Adverse Drug Reaction

Answer 16

Type A - an exaggerated reaction

Type B - rxn not typical from normal pharmacology

Question 17

Topical anesthetics

Answer 17

• reversible loss of sensation by blocking sensation of pain passing along nerves to brain
• applied externally to tissue
• used if needing to touch cornea

Question 18

local anesthetics

Answer 18

• reversible loss of sensation by blocking sensation of pain passing along nerves to brain
• injected for local nerve block; externally (lids) or behing eye (retrobulbar)

Question 19

general anesthetics

Answer 19

• reversible loss of sensation by blocking sensation of pain passing along nerves to brain
• inhalation or intravenously

Question 20

tropicamide

Answer 20

• cycloplegic drug (mydriatic)

- blocks iris sphincter

Question 21

phenylephrine

Answer 21

• sympathomimetic agent (adrenergic)
• alpha-1 receptor agonist
• mydriatic (dilates pupil)
• no effect on accomodation

Question 22

cycloplegic drugs

Answer 22

• mydriatic effect
• parasympatholytic (blocks PNS)
• reduces/paralyzes accomodation
• target ciliary body

Question 23

cyclopentolate

Answer 23

• stronger cycloplegic drug

Question 24

Fluorescein (NaFI)

Answer 24

• dye
• used in applanation tonometry
• defects of cornea appear vivid green with cobalt blue filter on slit lamp
• highly susceptible to contamination

Question 25

Fluorexon

Answer 25

- dye - used with soft contacts - prone to contamination

Question 26

Intravenous NaFI (fluorescein)

Answer 26

- dye to evaluate vascular abnormalities of retina | - also detect anterior segment blood flow (vessels of iris)

Question 27

Rose Bengal

Answer 27

- vivid pink staining of damaged/dead tissue with slit lamp | - will stain soft contacts

Question 28

Lissamine Green

Answer 28

- stains mucus, dead cells & degenerated cells

Question 29

Indocyanine green

Answer 29

- intravenous dye for retinal & choroidal angiography | - may cause severe allergic reaction

Question 30

Methylene Blue

Answer 30

- stains devitalized cells & corneal nerves | - used to assess lacrimal sac

Question 31

prostaglandin analogues

Answer 31

- antiglaucoma agent - act where secreted - increases outflow of aqueous

Question 32

Beta blockers

Answer 32

- antiglaucoma agent | - decreases production of aqueous

Question 33

alpha-2 receptors

Answer 33

- antiglaucoma agent | - decrease production and increase drainage of aqueous

Question 34

carbonic anhydrase inhibiters

Answer 34

- antiglaucoma agent - inhibits enzyme stopping formation of bicarbonate in the ciliary epithelium, decreases aqueous production (production of aqueous needs bicarbonate)

Question 35

acetazolamide

Answer 35

- carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Question 36

Rho-associated Protein Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors

Answer 36

- antiglaucoma agent ROCK enzyme regulates smooth muscle contraction - ROCK inhibitors cause relaxation, increases drainage, decreases IOP

Question 37

Cholinergic agonists (miotic)

Answer 37

- antiglaucoma agent | - constricts pupil, increases aqueous outflow

Question 38

pilocarpine

Answer 38

- cholinergic agonist | - activates receptor in iris sphincter (constricts pupil)

Question 39

hyperosmotics

Answer 39

- treat angle-closure glaucoma | - increase osmolarity of blood, so water leaves eye and enters blood

Question 40

anti-angiogenesic drugs

Answer 40

- inhibit VEGF (protein needed for new blood vessel growth)

Question 41

Penicillin

Answer 41

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 42

Cephalosporins

Answer 42

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 43

Bacitracin

Answer 43

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 44

aminoglycosides

Answer 44

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 45

tetracyclines

Answer 45

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 46

macrolides

Answer 46

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 47

sulfonamides

Answer 47

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 48

Trimethoprim

Answer 48

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 49

fluoroguinolones

Answer 49

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 50

vancomycin

Answer 50

- antibiotic (antibacterials)

Question 51

acyclovir

Answer 51

- antiviral

Question 52

foscarnet

Answer 52

- antiviral | - treat symptoms, cannot cure infection

Question 53

ketocanazole

Answer 53

- anti-fungal | - "azoles"

Question 54

corticosteroids

Answer 54

- anti-inflammatory drug | - inhibits prostaglandins by stopping production of arachidonic acid

Question 55

NSAIDs

Answer 55

- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | - inhibits protaglandins by stopping their synthesis

Question 56

cyclosporine | Restasis

Answer 56

- immunosuppressive - reduce inflammation and improve tear quality - for dry eye

Question 57

vertiporfin

Answer 57

- immunosuppressive | - decreases tear production

Question 58

lifitegrast | Xiidra

Answer 58

- reduce inflammation and improve tear quality | - for dry eye

Question 59

Punctal plugs

Answer 59

- block tears from draining from eye

Question 60

omega 3

Answer 60

- improve quality of tears