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Ophthalmic Assisting > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

OD

A

oculus dexter - right eye

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2
Q

OS

A

oculus sinister - left eye

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3
Q

optic fundus

A
  • interior posterior surface of eyeball
  • retina, optic disc, macula, posterior pole
  • visible in ophthalmoscope
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4
Q

posterior pole

A

retina between optic nerve and macular area

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5
Q

sclera

A
  • protective outer layer of eye; “white of the eye”

- continuous with cornea & sheath covering optic nerve

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6
Q

vitreous

A
  • transparent, colourless mass b/w lens and retina

- maintains shape and intraocular pressure

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7
Q

aqueous

A
  • clear, watery fluid that fills space b/w back of cornea and vitreous, bathing lens
  • maintains intraocular pressure
  • produced by ciliary processes
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8
Q

ciliary processes

A
  • epithelial portion of the ciliary body
  • secretes aqueous fluid
  • attachment site for suspensory ligaments of the lens (zonules)
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9
Q

zonules

A

fibres that suspend lens from the ciliary body and hold it in position

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10
Q

ciliary body

A
  • tissue inside eye composed of 1) ciliary muscle and 2) ciliary processes
  • involved in lens accommodation and control of intraocular pressure (epithelial protion makes aqueous)
  • target for cycloplegic drops
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11
Q

Iris sphincter

A
  • makes pupil smaller
  • parasympathetic NS
  • near pupil margin
  • stronger than dilator muscle
  • cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
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12
Q

Iris dilator

A
  • makes pupil larger
  • sympathetic NS
  • periphery of iris
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13
Q

alpha-1 receptors

A
  • adrenergic (sympathetic)

- vasoconstriction of blood vessels

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14
Q

alpha-2 receptors

A
  • adrenergic (sympathetic)

- decrease output of norepinephrine

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15
Q

beta-1 receptors

A
  • adrenergic (sympathetic)

- increases heart rate

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16
Q

beta-2 receptors

A
  • adrenergic (sympathetic)

- bronchial dilation

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17
Q

muscarinic receptors

A
  • cholinergic (parasympathetic)

- decreases heart rate and constricts pupil (miosis)

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18
Q

nicotinic neuronal receptors

A
  • cholinergic (EXCEPTION: sympathetic)

- autonomic ganglia releasing epinephrine

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19
Q

nicotinic muscular receptors

A
  • cholinergic (parasympathetic)
  • neuromuscular junction
  • constriction of skeletal muscle
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20
Q

VEGF

A
  • vascular endothelial growth factor

- protein for growth of new blood vessels

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21
Q

ora serrata

A

attachment of retina behind iris

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22
Q

miosis

A
  • pupil constriction

- sphincter muscle contracts, dilator relaxes

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23
Q

mydriasis

A
  • pupil dilates

- sphincter muscle relax, dilator contracts

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24
Q

4 Rectus EOMs

A
  • straight muscles
    1. superior rectus
    2. inferior rectus
    3. medial rectus (toward midline - adduction)
    4. lateral rectus (away from midline - abduction)
  • cause slight pull inwards when contracted
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25
Q

2 oblique EOMs

A
  • angled muscles
    1. superior oblique (from sphenoid bone, eye moves downward, incyclotorsion - in toward nose)
    2. inferior oblique (from maxilla, eye moves upward; excyclotorsion, outward away from nose)
  • cause slight eye protrusion when contracted
26
Q

Annulus of Zinn

A
  • tendinous sheath surrounding optic canal

- gives rise to rectus EOMs

27
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

A
  • opens eyelid (voluntary or involuntary)
28
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A
  • trigeminal
  • stimulates lower lid, lacrimal gland, skin of eyelid & conjunctiva
  • abnormal - different sensations to face, forehead & eye
29
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A
  • oculomotor
  • moves 4 of 6 ocular muscles
  • stimulates pupil muscles
  • damage causes inability to raise upper eyelid
  • abnormal - ptosis, strabismus, dilated pupil
30
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A
  • facial
  • damage causes eyelids to NOT close
  • abnormal - paralysis of facial muscles
31
Q

conjunctiva (palpebral & bulbar)

A
  • mucous membrane covering inner lid & eyeball
32
Q

conjunctival fornices

A
  • where bulbar & palpebral conjunctivas merge
33
Q

canthus

A
  • “corner” where eyelids meet
34
Q

palpebral fissure

A
  • space b/w upper and lower eyelids
35
Q

lacrimal gland

A
  • secretes lacrimal fluid (tears)
36
Q

Ciaccio’s & Krause’s glands

A
  • both produce tears
37
Q

punctum

A
  • opening in each eyelid (upper & lower) to canaliculus
38
Q

canaliculus

A
  • canal in tear drainage system

- tear flow from eye to canaliculus to nasolacrimal sac to nasal cavity

39
Q

basal tears

A
  • lubricating
  • give moisture, nutrition, defense, smooth optical interface for vision
  • 3 layers: aqueous, mucin & oil/lipid
40
Q

reflex tears

A
  • mainly water, doesn’t keep surface moist

- due to stimulus ie) crying

41
Q

anterior segment

A
  • front 1/3 of eyeball

- cornea & vitreous

42
Q

limbus

A
  • junction where sclera & cornea meet
43
Q

anterior chamber

A
  • fluid filled space b/w iris and innermost corneal surface (endothelium)
44
Q

cornea

A 
- anterior part of outer, fibrous coat of eyeball 
circular, transparent & dome-shaped
- no blood vessels
- gets nutrients from tears
- gets oxygen from air
- high density of nerves
- needs dehydrated state
45
Q

Six layers of Cornea

A

1 - Epithelium - exposed to enviro, fast growing, replaced every 7 days, refractive surface
2 - Bowman’s membrane - randomly organized collagen fibers
3 - Stroma - regularly arranged collagen fibers, 90% of cornea’s thickness
4 - Dua’s layer - thin (controversy)
5 - Descement’s membrane - basement layer; rigidity, barrier to water
6 - Endothelium - one cell thick, bathed by aqueous, keeps proper level of hydration by pumping out excess fluid, cannot regenerate so each cell gets bigger if some die

46
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • clear, watery fluid (like blood plasma)
  • continuously produced by ciliary processes
  • fills anterior & posterior chamber
47
Q

trabecular meshwork

A
  • mesh-like structure
  • at iris-scleral junction
  • filters and controls flow of aqueous
48
Q

4 layers of Iris

A

1 - outer layer - pigment cells (colour)
2 - stroma - blood vessels, nerves
3 - muscle (dilator & sphincter)
4 - posterior epithelium - heavily pigmented, no light gets through

49
Q

2 zones of Iris

A

1 - pupillary zone (inner)

2 - ciliary zone (outer)

50
Q

posterior chamber

A
  • space b/w back of iris and lens

- filled with aqueous

51
Q

posterior segment

A
  • rear 2/3 of eyeball

- everything behind the lens

52
Q

vitreous

A
  • jelly-like, transparent gel b/w lens & retina
  • supports lens and holds retina in place
  • NOT continuously replaced
53
Q

retina

A
  • thin, delicate holding photoreceptors
  • 1 pigment layer
  • 9 neural layers (rods & cones)
54
Q

optic disc

A
  • circular indentation where optic nerve enters eye
  • blood vessels enter/exit
  • depression in middle called cup
55
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A
  • optic nerve
  • detection of light & vision
  • abnormal - blindness
56
Q

macula

A
  • 5 mm of retina
  • appears darker (choroid showing through)
  • blood supply from ciliary arteries in choroid
57
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A
  • trochlear nerve
  • moves superior oblique muscle
  • abnormal - double vision
58
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A
  • Abducens
  • stimulates lateral rectus muscle to pull eye laterally toward ear
  • abnormal - double vision
59
Q

uvea (uveal tract)

A
  • pigmented vascular layers

- iris, ciliary body & choroid

60
Q

Visual Pathway

A

1 - Ganglion cells & nerve fiber layer (retina)
2 - Optic nerve
3 - Optic chiasm
4 - Optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex

Ophthalmic Assisting (5 decks)

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