Problem Solving and Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence is
The cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, remember important info, and cope with the demands of daily living
Deductive Reasoning:
occurs when a person works from ideas, and general info to arrive at specific conclusions
Example of Deductive reasoning
every day I leave for school in my car at 8am, every day the drive to school takes 30 minutes and i arrive on time for my 1st class, therefore if I leave for school at 8am today, I’ll be on time
Inductive Reasoning:
moves from specific facts an observations to broader generalizations and theories
** I KNOW because I saw/experienced
Example of Inductive Reasoning:
Today I left for school at 8am and I arrived on time for my 1st class, therefore, every day that I leave the house
at 8am, I will arrive to school on time
Functional Fixedness:
Our difficulty seeing alternative uses for common objects
Reliability
Measures the extent to which repeated testing produces constant results
Validity
Measures the extent to which a test is actually measuring what the researcher claims to be measuring
Galton
Recorded how quickly subjects could respond to sensory motor tasks by their reaction time
- he equated faster reaction times with higher intelligence
Binet
produced the first intelligence scale which included 30 short tasks related to everyday life
Stamford-Binet
Intelligence Test is
still used in some form today
Spearman
believer in the idea of a single type of intelligence
Spearman believed that:
most people who performed well on classical intelligence tasks performed well on all kinds of tasks believed there was one generalized intelligence called “G”
Gardener proposed a multiple intelligences theory and an intelligence test 8 different types of intelligence
- Linguistic - Verbal
- Mathematical - Logical
- Rhythmic - Musical Spatial - Visual
- Kinesthetic - Bodily Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal Naturalistic
Gardener believed what about the types of intelligence
each type of intelligence is independent from the others and that everyone may excel in 1 form of intelligence
The Flynn Effect:
the observation that raw IQ scores have been on the rise since 1932
What influces the Flynn Effect?
- schooling
- increased access to info
- increased nutrition and health
Paiget cognitive development proceeds in what 4 basic stages
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage - Formal Operational Stage
Sensorimotor Stage( Ages and what it involves)
Typically lasts until 2 years old
- a child begins to recognize that they can affect change on their environment
- a milestone that comes at the end of this stage is Object Permanence
Object Permanence (mastered in 1st stage)
realization that objects continue to exist
when no longer visible
Preoperational Stage ( Ages and what it involves)
- ages of 2-7
- Child has mastered object permanence
- still has cognitive limitations
- challenges left to master are Egocentrism, Seriation,
Reversible Relationships and Conservation
-
Reversible Relationships are
Ex: suppose you ask Rachel if she asks a brother, she would
respond yes I do, his name is Matthew
- but if you then ask her does Matthew have a sister, she may
respond no
Conservation tasks are:
ex. in a fluid conservation task, a child would see the following 2 glasses of milk and understand they contain the exact same amount of fluid
- if you pour the milk from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and ask the child which glass has more fluid and which would you rather have, they would say that the taller glass is more preferable
Seriation tasks
Ability to logically order a series of objects)
Concrete Operational Stage
Ages and what it involves
- lasts from 7-12 years old
- child is now able to perform all the things they struggled
with during the preoperational stage - called the concrete stage because the child’s schemas are
still concrete and based not heir experiences with the world - a child is unable to think in abstract terms or reason based
on hypotheses
Formal Operational Stage
- from 12 years and up
- children are able to think in abstract terms, work with hypotheses and do everything else that makes up the range of adult cognitive abilities
Genes and Intelligence TWINS:
- identical twins showed a strong positive correlation of +0.8
- IQ measures between fraternal twins was +0.6
Confirmation Bias:
our tendency to seek out information that supports our hypothesis
Piaget’s limitations & the phenomenon of decollage
children sometimes develop some skills out of order
Availability Heuristics:
Our tendency to make decisions based on the info that is most quickly available to us
Representative Heuristic:
Our tendency to assume that what we are seeing is representative of the larger category we have in our mind
