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PCS 300 > Problem Based Learning Tutorials > Flashcards

Problem Based Learning Tutorials Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes?

A
  • Disease that causes high blood sugar
  • Body doesn’t make enough insulin or cant effectively use the insulin it does make
  • Insulin is important to move sugars from blood to cells to use for energy
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2
Q

Benefits and Risks of exercise in Diabetes?

A

Benefits

  • Insulin works better
  • maintain a healthy weight
  • Lowers overall blood pressure
  • Reduces your risk of heart disease
  • Reduces stress

Risks

  • formation of ulcers or lesions
  • Hypoglycaemia, low blood sugar
  • Hyperglycaemia, high blood sugar
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3
Q

Why is footwear important in Diabetes?

A
  • Diabetics are increased risk to develop foot problems
  • neuropathy
  • wearing appropriate footwear can reduce risk and promote healthy circulation in your feet
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4
Q

Considerations before beginning Exercise for Diabetes?

A
  • BGL and Hb1Ac levels
  • Mechanism of control for diabetes
  • Begin small and build up, usually 30 min walking to start
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5
Q

What are Skin wounds?

A
  • Damage to the surface of skin

- can be abrasion, laceration, puncture or avulsion

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6
Q

Signs of infection?

A
  • Heat
  • Loss of function
  • swelling of wounded area
  • Redness
  • Pus or drainage
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7
Q

What is a DVT?

A
  • Deep vein Thrombosis

- Blood clot in a deep vain usually in the legs

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of DVT?

A
  • Swelling in affected leg
  • Pain (cramps/Soreness)
  • Tenderness
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Asymmetrical
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9
Q

How to Diagnose and DVT?

A

-Subjective Information
Look for Risk Factors

-Physical examination
looking for signs and symptoms

-Clinical Tests
Wells score, D-dimer and Imaging

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10
Q

What are the Risk Factor for DVT?

A
  • Prior DVT
  • Aged over 40
  • Cancer
  • Obesity
  • Fx DVT
  • Recent surgery
  • Prolonged inactivity
  • contraceptives/estrogen therapy
  • pregnancy
  • extended plane of car travel
  • serious illness-HIV
  • Trauma
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11
Q

Common DDx for DVT

A
  • Muscle strain or tear
  • lymph obstruction
  • Cysts
  • cellulitis
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12
Q

Management of DVT

A
  • Anticoagulation
  • Thrombolytics (severe clots)
  • Filter inserted into Vena cava prevent clot moving into lungs

Prevention

  • Education
  • Compression stockings
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13
Q

What Osteoporosis?

A

-Low bone mass disease, increased risk of fracture

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14
Q

What are the Risk factors for OP?

A
  • elderly
  • previous fracture
  • glucocorticoid therapy
  • Fx hip fracture
  • Low body weight
  • Smoking and alcohol
  • RA
  • Secondary OA (hypogonadism, premature menopause, IBD)
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15
Q

Clinical features of OP?

A
  • Back pain
  • Loss of height over time
  • Stooped posture
  • Bone that break much more easily than expected
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16
Q

Management of OP?

A

Lifestyle changes

  • Vitamin D and calcium
  • Diet
  • Exercise 3x30min
  • Cessation of smoking and alcohol

Pharmacotherapy

  • Bisphosphonates (alendronate)
  • Denosumab
17
Q

Podiatry and OP?

A
  • footwear/orthotics
  • Biomechanic assessment
  • Education
  • Strength and Conditioning
18
Q

Diagnostic tests for OP?

A
  • Hx of fracture from a fall

- T-score less than or equal to -2.5 (DEXA)

19
Q

What is Charcot Marie Tooth disease?

A
  • CMT spectrum of disorders caused by mutations affecting peripheral nerves
  • Commonly presents distal weakness and atrophy, foot drop and pes cavus
20
Q

Signs and symptoms of CMT?

A

-Three main CMT, CMT 1, CMT, 2 and CMT 3

CMT 1

  • weakness of the foot and lower leg muscles
  • foot problems such as high arch and hammer toes
  • narrow lower legs
  • loss of proprioception
  • abnormal curves in the spine

-Signs and symptoms will differ between the three CMT

21
Q

Diagnosis of CMT?

A

Tests

  • Blood tests for genes that cause CMT
  • Nerve conduction studies or electromyography
22
Q

Podiatry impact on CMT?

A
  • Supportive footwear
  • AFO prescription
  • Custom orthoses
  • Debridement of callus and corns
  • Exercise program
  • Padding and strapping
  • Education
23
Q

Goals of Podiatric treatment for CMT?

A
  • Relieve functional deterioration
  • decrease severity
  • improve function
  • maximize strength
  • mechanically control deformities
24
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A
  • accelerated rate of bone remodeling, resulting in overgrowth of bone at selected sites
  • clinical manifestations, are pain and deformities in affected areas and heightened risk of fracture, asymptomatic

-diagnosed via blood test showing elevated alkaline phosphatase

25
Q

Prognosis of Paget’s disease?

A

-Majority of patients with pagets disease are able to live a normal, active life

26
Q

Podiatry relevance for Paget’s disease?

A
  • joint instability, an enlarged bony area that intrudes surrounding tissues and potential for fractures
  • OA
  • nerve compression
  • spontaneous fractures
27
Q

Podiatry treatment of Paget’s disease?

A
  • Gait and biomechanical assessment

- General foot health

28
Q

Treatment for Paget’s disease?

A
  • drugs to slow progression
  • NSAIDS for pain
  • Calcium and Vitamin D
  • surgery
  • Exercise will help maintain bone strength
29
Q

What are Venous leg ulcers?

A
  • Appear due to venous insufficiency
  • often associated with oedema, varicose veins and skin changes
  • often found medial parts of lower legs and medial ankle
30
Q

Appearance of a venous ulcer?

A
  • swollen with drainage
  • granulation maybe present
  • irregular drainage
  • shallow
31
Q

signs and symptoms of venous ulcer?

A
  • swelling or heaviness
  • pain
  • itchiness
  • varicose veins
  • skin that looks like leather
32
Q

Treatment for venous ulcers?

A
  • compression therapy
  • basic wound care techniques (prev infection)
  • ulcer debridement
  • antibiotics if infection is suspected
33
Q

Stages of pressure injuries?

A

Stage 1

  • intact skin with non blanchable erythema
  • painful, firm, soft, warmer or cooler compared to adjacent tissue
  • may indicate at risk persons

Stage 2

  • Partial thickness loss of dermis
  • open wound without slough
  • shiny, dry looks like shallow ulcer

Stage 3

  • full thickness tissue loss, subcutaneous fat visible
  • slough maybe present
  • bone or tendon is not visible or palpable

Stage 4

  • tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle
  • present with slough or eschar
  • Potential for OM

Unstageable

  • tissue loss full coverage of slough and/or eschar
  • until the slough/eschar are removed stage cannot be determined
  • eschar on heels serves as biologic cover
34
Q

What is gout?

A
  • inflammatory arthritis caused by presence of Urate crystals in the joints, bones and soft tissue
  • Joints become red, hot, tender and swollen
35
Q

What is hyperuricemia?

A

-Hyperuricemia-too much uric acid in the blood 6.8mg/dL

Due to:
-Increased consumption of purine
shellfish, red meat, anchovies etc
-increased production of purines
high fructose corn syrup beverage 
-Decreased clearance of uric acid
dehydration
-Risk factors
diabetes, obesity, chemotherapy, genetic, kidney disease
36
Q

Diagnosis of gout?

A
  • Blood tests, high levels of uric acid

- X-ray

37
Q

Treatment of Gout?

A

Decrease pain and swelling

  • NSAIDS
  • Corticosteroids
  • Colchicine

Identify cause

Decrease uric acid levels

  • Diet modification
  • Staying active
  • Allopurinol (enzyme inhibitor)

PCS 300 (14 decks)

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