Problem 7: Domestic violence Flashcards
What is the lifetime and yearly prevalence of female victimization in IPV?
Lifetime prevalence: Up to 48%.
Yearly prevalence: 7% to 34.9%.
Minority groups, especially Latino women, have a higher prevalence (53.6%).
What are the consequences of IPV for women and children?
Women face a threefold increased risk of developing major depressive disorders.
Children exposed to IPV have a higher risk of emotional, psychological, and behavioral problems (r = .25 effect size).
What are the recidivism rates for domestic violence among male abusers?
Domestic violence recidivism rates range from 16% to 80%, highlighting the need for effective interventions.
What are common risk factors for IPV identified in surveys?
Early dating (before age 14)
Dating aggression
Parental violence
Substance abuse
Prior criminal history
What role does alcohol play in IPV risk?
Eightfold increase in partner assault likelihood on drinking days.
Probability of severe aggression rises elevenfold.
Risks are heightened in men with antisocial personality disorder (APP).
Describe the “abusive personality” as per Dutton (2008).
Marked by:
* Fear of abandonment
* Quick anger
* Use of violence to maintain control
What are patriarchal beliefs’ roles in IPV?
Linked to negative attitudes toward women and minimizing IPV seriousness.
Social learning theory highlights association with abusive peers as predictors.
What is the SARA tool used for?
The Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA) is a 20-item tool that assesses:
* Criminal history
* Psychosocial adjustment
* Spousal assault history
* Includes clinical diagnoses, used by trained clinicians.
What is the ODARA tool, and how is it different from SARA?
The Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA):
* 13-item scale focused on historical and dynamic risk factors (e.g., violence during pregnancy).
* Designed for police use, not clinical settings.
* AUC predictive validity: .65 to .67.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of mandatory arrest policies in IPV cases?
Strengths: Lower re-abuse rates (13%) compared to removal (26%) or advice (18%).
Weaknesses:
* Mixed results in later studies.
* Over 50% of charges dropped.
* No-drop prosecution policies led to court backlogs and victim dissatisfaction.
What are the limitations of punishment-focused approaches to IPV?
Punishment provides temporary relief but fails to lead to long-term behavior change.
Specialized courts and probation have not increased victim safety.
These approaches neglect criminogenic needs of batterers.
What are the outcomes of treatment for male batterers, as shown in evaluations?
Early studies (Dutton, 1986):
* Re-abuse rates 4% (treated) vs. 16% (untreated) after 6 months.
* Benefits sustained at 2.5 years.
Later studies: Mixed results, with meta-analyses showing small reductions (r = .09) or no significant effect.
What are the three responses to domestic violence?
-Arrest the suspect
Removal of the offender for 8 hours
Advising the parties to seek help
What is the origin of the term “battered women,” and how did it shape IPV research?
Coined in the 1970s to describe victims of severe abuse.
IPV was framed as male-perpetrated violence against women, based on shelter, hospital, and police data.
Advocates emphasized domestic violence as a critical social issue.
What are the four main types of IPV?
- Coercive Controlling Violence (CCV): Chronic violence aimed at maintaining control.
- Violent Resistance: Defensive violence by victims against abusers.
- Situational Couple Violence (SCV): Violence from situational conflict, not control.
- Separation-Instigated Violence (SIV): Violence during or after separation.
What is Coercive Controlling Violence (CCV)?
A pattern of physical violence, intimidation, and emotional abuse to exert control.
Often associated with male-perpetrated violence but not exclusively.
Linked to patriarchal structures; represented by tools like the Power and Control Wheel.
How does Situational Couple Violence (SCV) differ from other IPV types?
Arises from situational conflict, not rooted in power dynamics.
Typically gender-symmetric.
Found more frequently in community and national surveys than in shelter or court samples.
What is Violent Resistance, and how is it classified?
Defensive violence by victims against abusive partners.
Relevant for all genders, previously labeled as Self-Defense.
Often misunderstood or overlooked in traditional IPV studies.
Why is differentiation among IPV types important?
Enables better screening tools and decision-making in family courts.
Ensures appropriate sanctions and treatment programs for specific IPV contexts.
Promotes healthy parent–child contact and reduces gender-based conflicts.
What does the Power and Control Wheel represent?
A tool to illustrate the tactics used in Coercive Controlling Violence (CCV).
Emphasizes patterns of control beyond physical abuse, including emotional, financial, and psychological abuse.
What are the main tools used to measure IPV?
- Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS): Quantifies acts of violence but lacks differentiation.
- Power and Control Wheel: Focuses on patterns of control and abuse, particularly in CCV.
What characterizes Coercive Controlling Violence (CCV)?
Pattern of power and control through tactics like:
* Intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, coercion, economic abuse, threats.
* Often depicted in the Power and Control Wheel.
* Can exist without physical violence, described as a “liberty crime” (Stark, 2007).
* Predominantly male-perpetrated but can occur across genders and relationships.
What are the psychological and physical impacts of CCV?
Psychological impacts:
- Fear, anxiety, depression, PTSD (twice as likely compared to other IPV).
Physical impacts:
- 76% involve escalating violence, 88% of victims report injuries.
- Increased risks of sexual abuse, gynecological issues, and STDs.
What is Violent Resistance, and how does it differ from self-defense?
Violence used in response to Coercive Controlling Violence.
Broader than legal self-defense; includes various reactions to harm or threats.
Women who resist are twice as likely to sustain injuries compared to those who do not resist.
What is Situational Couple Violence (SCV)?
Most common form of IPV, arising from conflicts or poor anger management.
Typically minor physical acts (e.g., shoving) without control dynamics.
Gender-symmetric: Both men and women initiate violence equally.
How does SCV differ from CCV in its impacts and resolution?
SCV: Less frequent/severe, arises from situational conflicts, often ceases after separation.
CCV: Frequent, severe, escalates over time, continues post-separation.
What defines Separation-Instigated Violence (SIV)?
Violence occurring during/after separation, often from severe emotional reactions.
No prior history of IPV or control dynamics.
Typically isolated incidents, often triggered by betrayal, infidelity, or humiliation.
