Problem 6 Flashcards
Unipolar depression
Symptoms take over the whole person
–> emotions, bodily functions, behaviors + thoughts
Symptoms of depression
- Anhedonia
- -> loosing interest in everything in life - Changes in appetite, sleep + activity levels
- Psychomotor retardation vs agitation
- -> doing things more slowly or faster; either- or - Thoughts filled with worthlessness, guilt, suicide
- Experiencing delusions + hallucinations
There are 2 forms of Unipolar Depressive disorders.
Name them.
- Major depression
- Dysthymic disorder/Persistent depressive disorder
- -> less severe but more chronic form
What is needed for a person to be diagnosed with major depression ?
Experience of either
a) depressed mood
b) loss of interest in usual activities
- -> must interfere with everyday functioning
+ 4 other symptoms of depression
What is the difference between major depression, single episode vs recurrent ?
- Single episode
- -> experiencing one depressive episode - Recurrent
- -> experiencing 2 or more ep. separated by at least 2 months without symptoms
What is needed for a person to be diagnosed with Dysthymic disorder ?
Experience of depressed mood and 2 other symptoms of depression
–> for at least 2 years, with symptoms occurring 2 month tact, thus more chronic than MD
Double depression
Refers to a condition where people experience episodes of both major depression and dysthymic disorder
Comorbidity
- Substance abuse
- Anxiety disorder (Panic disorder)
- Eating disorder
Major anxiety depression
Refers to the combination of major depression + anxiety
–> requires 3/4 symptoms of MD + 2 or more symptoms of anxiety
Name the subtypes of MD.
Depression with
- Melancholic features
- -> prominence of physiological symptoms - Psychotic features
- -> experiencing delusions + hallucinations - Catatonic features
- -> strange behavior (catatonia) - Atypical features
- Postpartum onset
- Seasonal pattern (SAD)
- -> depressed when daylight h are short + recover when not
=> 5+6 can develop into BpD
(7. Premenstrual dysphoric, distress before menstruation)
Catatonia
Ranges from complete lack of movement to excited agitation
–> strange
Prevalence of UpD ?
Gender differences ?
- 18-29 y/o, lowest over 60, but go up over 85
- Women are 2x more likely to develop it, due to fact that they ruminate about their feelings more
- One of the most common disorders
- One is 2-3x more likely to develop it, when a parent has it
Bipolar disorder
BpD
Refers to a condition that involves alternations between periods of mania + periods of depression
Symptoms of mania
- Having unrealistically positive + grandiose self-esteem
- Delusional thoughts + hallucinations
- Impulsive behaviors
–> have to show for at least 1 week + impair functioning to be diagnosed
Bipolar I disorder
Experiencing all the symptoms of mania
–> can be preceded or followed by hypomania or depression
BUT: very rare
Bipolar II disorder
Experiencing severe episodes of depression (MD) + hypomania
NO MANIC EPISODES
Hypomania
Involves the same symptoms as mania
BUT: these symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with everyday functioning + no hallucinations or delusions
Cyclothymic disorder
Form of BpD
Involves alternating between episodes of hypomania + moderate depression
–> less severe but more chronic form of BpD, has to occur over 2y period
Why are people diagnosed with cyclothymic disorder at increased risk of developing BpD ?
Because, often periods of depression will interfere with daily function even though they might be less severe than MD periods
Temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria
Form of BpD
Involves acting immature + inappropriate 3-4 times a week on average, with ep. of being sad or angry in-between
–> for youth age 6 or older
Prevalence of BpD
Creative people (e.g. artists, composers) have a higher than normal prevalence
a) develops in late adolescence or early adulthood
b) biological factors / inheritance play a bigger role here than in unipolar
c) Men and women are equally likely
–> less common than unipolar depression
Is BpD treatable ?
Not really,
- Only 1/4 recover fully from the symptoms after being hospitalized and are able to live a normal life
- Often abuse substances which impairs possible treatment
–> medication + high social class are positively correlated
Is having BpD an asset or a curse ?
Both,
Many political leaders have suffered form it and have accomplished extraordinary things during periods of hypomania or mania
Biological theory of Unipolar depression
Suggests that abnormalities in the serotonin transporter gene leads to a dysfunction in its regulation
–> affects the stability of individuals moods