Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychopathology > Problem 4 > Flashcards

Problem 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Obsessions

A

Refer to

a) thoughts
b) images
c) impulses

which are persistent and uncontrollably intrude on consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Compulsions

A

Refer to repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels must perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

Is a chronic anxiety disorder, where people experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts + when they can’t carry out these behaviors

–> 1-3% prevalence, with a high rate of relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is OCD often undetected in people ?

A

OCDs know their thoughts are irrational (high insight) yet cannot control them, which results in a secretive behavior

–> tends to be chronic if not treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gender differences of OCD ?

A

Peak of onset for males (more counting, checking)
–> 6-15 y/o

for females (hand washing)
--> 20-29 y/o
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Comorbidity

A
  1. Depression
    - -> 66%, suicide risk
  2. Panic attacks
  3. Phobias
  4. Substance abuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are common Obsessive compulsions ?

A
  1. Aggressive impulses
  2. Sexual thoughts
  3. Fear of contamination and dirt
  4. Religion/Spiritual beliefs
  5. Symmetry + Ordering
  6. Magical thinking

–> think that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will ward off danger to themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biological theories of OCD ?

A

Focuses dysfunctional primitive brain circuits of OCDs, which makes them unable to turn of primitive impulses

  1. Orbital region of the FL
  2. Caudate nucleus (BG)
    - -> only lets strong impulses pass by
  3. Thalamus

=> if the impulses actually reach thalamus, this will motivate people to act on their thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heritability of OCD ?

A

OCD runs in families and is genetically inheritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cognitive behavioral theories of OCD ?

A
  1. Suggests that OCD develops though Operant conditioning

–> as symptoms of compulsions are reduced when engaging in certain behaviors

  1. OCDs are unable to turn off intrusive + negative thoughts

–> because they

a) are depressed, or generally anxious anyways
b) Have a tendency toward rigid moralistic thinking
c) Feel more responsible for events that happen in ones life
d) Want to be able to control all thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biological treatments

A

Antidepressant drugs affecting levels of serotonin
–> Clomipramine, SSRIs

BUT: only reduced a half + chance of relapse when stopping to take them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Behavioral treatments

A

Combination of drugs + behavioral therapies

–> exposure and response prevention (ERP), where the patient learns that not engaging doesn’t lead to a terrible result

MOST EFFECTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thought action fusion

TAF

A

Refers to the belief that ones unpleasant, unacceptable thoughts can influence events in the world

–> is a cognitive bias, that can have 2 forms

a) Likelihood TAF
b) Moral TAF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Likelihood TAF

A

Refers to the belief that having an unwanted, unacceptable intrusive thought increases the likelihood of that a specific adverse event will occur

ex.: If i think about becoming ill, I will become ill

–> more/especially related to OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Moral TAF

A

Refers to the belief that having an unacceptable intrusive thought is almost the moral equivalent of carrying out that particular act

ex.: Thinking about swearing in church is almost as bad as actually swearing in church

–> related to depression + religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TAF is important in the etiology and maintenance of OCD.

But is TAF only prominent in OCD ?

A

No,

It also occurs in other anxiety disorders such as

a) GAD
b) Panic disorder
c) Eating disorders

17
Q

Do OCDs show memory deficits as a result of the compulsive checking behavior ?

If so, Why ?

A

Yes and No,

Memory accuracy is not affected but memory confidence/metamemory decreases significantly over time

  1. a) Checking leads to memory distrust which leads to more checking
    - -> vicious cycle

b) Cognitive model of compulsive checking (Rachman)

18
Q

Cognitive model of compulsive checking

Rachman

A

Suggests that

a) inflated responsibility
b) perceived severity of harm
c) probability of harm

interact to produce the checking behavior

–> it is then maintained by a self-perpetuating mechanism, that works for relevant not irrelevant checking

19
Q

Extinction

A

Involves presenting the CS repeatedly in the absence of the associated aversive stimuli (US)

–> is the proxy to Exposure therapy

20
Q

Inhibitory learning

A

Suggests that the original CS-US association that was learned is not erased during extinction but left intact as a new inhibitory learning about the CS-US develops (=CS no longer predicts US)

–> considered to be central to extinction

ex. : breaking the link between fear (US) + cue for contamination (CS)
- -> excessive handwashing (CR)

21
Q

Why are individuals that have anxiety disorders vulnerable to relapse ?

A

Because to CS-US association is never fully extinct, but just reduced

–> they also show deficits in the mechanisms that are central to extinction learning

22
Q

Habituation models

A

Suggest that fear reduction during an exposure trial is a necessary precursor to longer lasting cognitive changes in the CS-US association (=perceived harm associated with stimulus)

23
Q

Name the 8 therapeutic strategies for enhancing inhibitory learning and its retrieval

A
  1. Expectancy violation
  2. Deepened extinction
  3. Reinforced extinction
  4. Variability
  5. Removing safety behaviors
  6. Attentional focus
  7. Affect labeling
  8. Mental reinstatement/Retrieval cues
24
Q

How does linguistic processing/affect labeling enhance inhibitory regulation ?

A

It activates a region of the frontal cortex (VLPFC) which reduces the activity in the amygdala

–> this reduces anxious responding, as limbic system activity is dampened

25
Q

The focus of exposure therapy may differ depending on the condition being treated.

Nonetheless each will contain 3 essential elements.

Name them.

A
  1. Specific goal
    - -> deciding on duration + behavioral goals
  2. Anticipated negative outcome
    - -> engaging in a task designed to violate the expected outcome
  3. Recognition and consolidation of the non-occurrence of the anticipated event
    (4. Inhibitory learning enhancement and inhibitory regulation enhancement strategies)
26
Q

Expectancy violation

A

Designing exposures to violate specific expectations

e.g.: “Test it out”

27
Q

Deepened extinction

A

Presenting 2 cues during the same exposure after conduction the initial extinction with at least one of the 2

e.g.: “Combine it”

28
Q

Reinforced extinction

A

Occasionally presenting the US during the exposures
–> restoring the old link which will scare them, because this will reinforce that it isn’t necessary

e.g.: “Face your fear”

29
Q

Variability

A

Varying the stimuli and the contexts

30
Q

Removing safety behaviors

A

Decreasing the use of safety signals + behaviors

e.g.: “Throw it out”

31
Q

Attentional focus

A

Maintaining the attention to the target CS during the exposure

e.g.: “Stay with it”

32
Q

Affect labeling/Linguistic processing

A

Encouraging the clients to describe their emotional experience during exposure

e.g.: “Talk it out”

33
Q

Mental reinstatement/Retrieval cues

A

Using a cue that is present during extinction or imaginary reinstating previous successful exposures

–> re-consolidation, to prevent relapse

34
Q

Related OCD disorders

A
  1. Hair pulling disorder
  2. Skin picking disorder
  3. Hoarding
  4. Body dysmorphic
    - -> seeing the body as more strange than it actually is
35
Q

Magical thinking

A

bla

36
Q

What are the main differences that distinguish the negative + intrusive thoughts of normal people from abnormal ones ?

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Duration
  3. Intensity
  4. Consequences
  5. Threshold
    - -> meaning sensitivity to the same context
37
Q

Mood-as-input hypothesis

A

Suggests that people use concurrent mood as info about whether they have successfully completed a task or not

–> stopping the ritual due to a “mood-change” that serves as an indicator

38
Q

Why is thought suppression rather counterproductive ?

A

Rebound effect

–> will think about it even more

Psychopathology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions