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Psychopathology > Problem 3 > Flashcards

Problem 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Panic attacks

A

Refer to short + intense periods in which one experiences symptoms of anxiety like

a) dizziness
b) intense dread
c) feeling of choking

–> arise in response to specific situations

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2
Q

Panic disorder

A

Refers to a disorders where the symptoms of panic attacks arise but are a common occurrence, thus do not arise in response to specific occasions

–> people feel like they’re going crazy or losing control

THUS: if not treated can result in depression

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3
Q

To what extent does genetics play a role in Panic disorder ?

A

Increased risk of getting it when ones parents were also diagnosed

–> genetically transmitted vulnerability

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4
Q

Neurological contributors to Panic disorder ?

A
  1. Fight-or-flight response is poorly regulated, due to poor regulation of several neurotransmitters

–> norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA

  1. Differences in some areas of the limbic system that are involved in the stress response

–> Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

  1. Dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in the locus ceruleus (=part of brainstem), which has pathways to limbic systems
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5
Q

Cognitive model of Panic disorders

A

Refers to an explanation on the basis of psychological factors

Suggests that people are

  1. very attentive to their bodily sensations
  2. thus, misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way
  3. exaggerate symptoms + their consequences

–> this kind of thinking increases the subjective sense of anxiety + physiological changes

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6
Q

Anxiety sensitivity

A

Refers to the belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences

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7
Q

Interoceptive awareness

A

Refers to a heightened awareness of bodily cues that may signal a coming panic attack

–> may lead to conditioned fear

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8
Q

Interceptive conditioning

A

When bodily cues that had occurred prior to a panic attack become conditioned, thus signal new attacks

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9
Q

Conditioned avoidance response

A

Avoiding the places that elicit the Panic attacks and therefore reducing the symptoms

–> this avoidance behavior is reinforced (Negative reinforcement)

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10
Q

Biological treatments for Panic disorder

A
  1. Tryciclic antidepressants
    - -> immipramine, but are disadvantageous
  2. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)
  3. Benzodiazepine
    - -> suppress the CNS + influence the functioning of neurotransmitter systems
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11
Q

How does CBT reduce the symptoms of Panic disorders ?

A
  1. Allows irrational thoughts about the situations to be challenged and changed
  2. Extinguishing of anxious behaviors
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12
Q

Social anxiety disorder

SAD

A

Refers to an intense fear of social situations in which the individual believes they may be negatively evaluated

–> may create disruption in a persons daily life + are content specific

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13
Q

Gender differences of developing Social anxiety disorder ?

A

Women are more likely than men, particular in performance situations

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14
Q

When does Social phobia usually develop ?

A

Usually in early preschool or adolescence years

–> when people become self conscious + concerned about others opinions

PREVALENCE: 3-7%

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15
Q

What was Freuds explanation on how phobias develop ?

A

Phobias are a result of unconscious anxiety

–> people are afraid of the something else that is displaced onto a certain object

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16
Q

2 factor theory of phobias

Mowrer

A
  1. Classical conditioning lies to the fear of a phobic object
  2. Operant conditioning helps maintain the fear
17
Q

Cognitive theory of phobias

A
  1. People with this phobia have excessively high standards for their social performance
  2. Focus on negative aspects of social interactions + evaluate the self harshly
18
Q

Biological theory of phobias

A

A particular phobia in itself is not strongly heritable but the general tendency toward anxiety is

–> leads to a temperament that makes it easier for a phobia to develop

19
Q

Behavioral treatments for phobias

A
  1. Desensitization
  2. Modeling
    - -> therapist shows the patient that the fear is irrational by demonstrating his own indifference

ex.: touching snake, then making patient touch it

  1. Flooding
    - -> intensively exposing a client to the feared object until the anxiety is extinguished

ex.: Claustrophiobia - locking the self into a closet

20
Q

How can CBT be effective in patients with Social anxiety disorder ?

A

By making it in a group setting

–> can help challenge the individuals negative thoughts

21
Q

Biological treatments for phobias

A
  1. Benzodiazepines
    ex. : valium
  2. Antidepressants
    - -> MOI, SSRI

BUT: produce temporary relief, but phobia remains

22
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

When people are anxious at all times or in many situations

–> excessive worrying about everything, have to have 3 or more of the symptoms to be diagnosed

23
Q

Interpretation bias

A

Interpreting ambiguous events as negative

–> play an important role in the maintenance of anxiety disorders

24
Q

What are the differences in Interpretation bias for SPs vs Non-SPs ?

A

They are content specific.

–> SPs primarily interpret social events as more negative + threatening

25
Q

Cognitive model of social phobia/anxiety

Clark + Wells

A

Suggests that SPs are

  1. already distressed, expecting to perform badly when entering the feared social situations
  2. Closely monitor others to make inferences
  3. Then use internal info to infer how they appear to others (Post-event rumination)
26
Q

Memory bias Hypothesis

Clark + Wells

A

Selectively retrieving + dwelling on unfavorable information of how one thinks one is viewed by others (Pre-event rumination)

–> it is a function of social anxiety, as it only occurs at retrieval rather than encoding

27
Q

Judgment bias

A

Overestimating the costs + probabilities of possible negative events

28
Q

Theory of Rapee+ Heimberg

A

SPs from mental representations of the own external appearance

–> allocate all their mental resources to this + the perceived mental threat, then make predictions

DIFFERENCE: does not reference pre + post event rumination

29
Q

Rumination

A

Refers to an intrusive + repetitive thinking process that revolves around the causes, implications + symptoms of ones own distress

–> serves to consolidate negative self perception into LTM

30
Q

Where are social deficits in SPs really evident ?

A

Primarily in conversations, as they require more interpersonal skills (=unprepaired)

–> whereas situations with a performance character like a speech bring more cognitive distortions

31
Q

Post event rumination

A

Absorbing the self in a repetitive + detailed review of subjective negative experiences following a social situation

32
Q

Pre event rumination

A

Absorbing the self in a repetitive + detailed thoughts of before a feared social situation

33
Q

Hoffmann Cognitive model of SAD

A

Is a combination of Clark+Wells and Rapee+Heimberg models

–> includes forming negative mental pictures (Negative mental representation) + Pre + Post event rumination (Safety behavior)

34
Q

6 Cognitive processes in SAD

A
  1. Self efficacy
    - -> discrepancy between perceived abilities as inadequate + high perceived expected standard of the social interaction
  2. Negative performance appraisals
  3. Threat appraisals
    - -> overestimation of probability + consequences of feared negative social outcome
  4. Self imagery
    - -> negative self impression from observers impression
  5. Self concept
    - -> negative beliefs of the self
  6. Self focused attention
    - -> detailed monitoring
35
Q

Is the public or the private self more important to SPs ?

A

Its was more important to SPs how others view you

–> memory bias for less positive words of Public self referent

36
Q

Comorbidity of PD ?

A
  1. Alcohol abuse
  2. Anxiety
  3. Depression
37
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fearing and avoiingd places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed

38
Q

Why would giving a high amount of Co2 to people with PD lead to a panic attack ?

A
  1. Low Cognitive mediation
    - -> perceived control over CO2
  2. High arousal
  3. Catastrophic misinterpretation
    - -> over-exaggerating the impact of e.g. vastly beating heart

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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