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Developmental Psychology > Problem 5 > Flashcards

Problem 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reciprocal socialization?

A
  • The bidirectional process by which children socialize parents just as parents socialize them
  • sometimes symbolized as a dance in which successive actions of the partners are closely coordinated
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2
Q

What are different forms of child maltreatment?

A
  • physcial abuse
  • child neglect
  • sexual abuse
  • emotional abuste –> always present if any other maltreatment is done to a child
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3
Q

What are the consequences of child abuse?

A
  • poor emotional regulation
  • attchment problems
  • problems in peer regulations
  • difficulty adatping in schiool
  • depression
  • delinquency
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4
Q

What is authoritarian parenting?

A
  • restrictive, punitive where parents exhort the child to follow their directions
  • place firm limits and controls
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5
Q

What is authoritative parenting?

A
  • encourages children to be independent but still place limits and control on their actions
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6
Q

What is neglectful parenting?

A
  • parent is very uninvolved in the child’s life
  • children become socially incompetent, have low self-esteem, immature and alienated from the family
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7
Q

What is indulgent parenting?

A
  • parents are highly involved with their children but place demands and control on them
  • children can do what they want
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8
Q

What are the criticisms on parenting styles?

A
  • ‘good’ parenting styles depend on culture
  • parents use a combination of techniques not just a single one
  • children socialize parents just like the parents socoailize the children
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9
Q

What are the five domains of domain specific socialization?

A

There are diffferent relationship types in different contexts

  1. protect
  2. reciprocal
  3. control
  4. guided learning
  5. group parcticipation
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10
Q

What is the protection domain?

A
  • when the parent provides effective protection creating a sense of security and perceives being comforted
  • when this domain is done effectively the child is abilty to respons appropriatyely to dange and engage in self-regulation of distress
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11
Q

What is the reciprocity domain?

A
  • when parent and child are interacting on an equal basis as partners
  • when done corretly child becomes cooperative and desires to comply with parental requests
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12
Q

What is control domain?

A
  • interactions between parent and child involves conflict because parents want one thing and child another
  • power adventage of parents used through different things such as reasoning, social isolation andn physcial punishment
  • child outcomes include development of moral and principled behaviour
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13
Q

What is the guided learning domain?

A
  • parents guide their children’s learning of skilss through the use of effective strategies and feedback
  • children’s outcomes include acquired knowledge and skills
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14
Q

What is the group particitpation domain?

A
  • sociliations involves increasing children’s partcitipaton in cultural practises
  • child outcomes include confromity to culture group practices and values that provide a social identity
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15
Q

What is mutual synchrony?

A

Each person’s behaviour depens on the partner’s previous behavoiour

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16
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child’s performance

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17
Q

What are the advantages of having children early (in 20s)

A
  • more physical energy (coping better with such matters as getting in middle of night)
  • mother is likely to have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth
  • parents may be less likely to build up expectation for their children (as they have not waited very long to have children)
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18
Q

What are the advantages of having children later (30s)?

A
  • more time to consider goals in life (what they want for family and career roles)
  • more mature and will be able to benefit from experience to engage in more competent parenting
  • better established in careers and more income for all the expenses
19
Q

What is parental sensitivity?

A
  • the ability to manage emotions in positive ways
  • emotion-coaching vs emotion-dismissing parents
20
Q

What are the categories of play?

A
  • functional (0-2y)
  • symbolic (2-6y)
  • make-believe/sociadramatic (2-6y)
  • constructive (3-6y)
  • games with rules (6y up)
  • rough-and-tumble play
21
Q

What is funtional play?

A
  • simple, physcial activities with or without toy objects
22
Q

What is symbolic play?

A
  • representing absent object/events with availble ones or own body
  • aka fantasy play
23
Q

What is make-believe/sociodramatic play?

A
  • acting out roles or pretend games invovling real social roles or made-up imaginary ones
24
Q

What is games with rules play?

A
  • structured games with pubicly accepted rules
25
Q

What is rough-and-tumble play

A
  • aka ‘play fighting’
  • involves physcial activity, often without objects, such as wrestling, tumbling, kicking and chasing
  • established dominance hierarchy
26
Q

What is dominance hierarchy?

A

a relatively stable ordering of different-status members by their ability to win in conflict that signifies different access to resources, established by challenges through rough-and-tumble play

27
Q

What is social status?

A

The extent of acceptance or likeability of individual children by the peer group, based on this group’s general view of the individual

28
Q

What are the types of children in a group?

A
  • accepted children
  • rejected aggresive children
  • rejected withdrawn children
  • neglected children
29
Q

How are accepted children?

A

= children that are popular, accepted or well liked by the majority of other children

Characteristics
* physcial apppearance can make child popular
* academically or socially competent
* able to communicate in friendly/warm/sensitve way
* positive, cooperative, supportive
* good at negotiaion and compromise in conflicts
* good at adaptin behavoiur to fit in

Outcomes
* high sociability
* good cognitive skills
* low aggressiveness
* little social withdrwawl
* academic succes
* better adjusted as adults

30
Q

How are rejected aggresive children?

A

= children who are unpopular, avoided as playmate, least liked, or disliked

Characteristics
* aggresive, disruptive or uncooperative
* poor control of emotions
* lack etiquette for joining in play
* poor perspective-taking skills
* antagonistic + hostile
* unaware they are diskliked

Outcomes
* poor school performance
* at risk of school dropout, violence + delinquency
* longer-term behavioural/emotional maladjumstens

31
Q

How are rejected withdrawn children?

A

= children who are unpopular, avoided as playmate, least liked, or disliked

Characteristics
* passive, timid or socially awkward
* hold negative expectations of others
* do not approach/hestiate to join peers
* aware they are disliked

Outcomes
* low self-esteem
* poor school achievement + school avoidance
* social anxiety/depression

32
Q

How are neglected children?

A

= children who are neither accepted nor rejected, or not stronly liked or disliked

Characteriscs
* socially inept, unassertive, play by themselves
* do not necessarily report feeling unhappy and lonely –> not bothered by being neglected
* as welll adjustes as their peers

Outcomes
* not always disadvantages
* can make some friends
* more prone to loneliness
* may trigger depression

33
Q

What options are there if children do not fall into one of 4 categories?

A
  • some are average
  • some are controversial –> very disliked and liked at the same time
34
Q

What is friendship?

A
  • mutual reciprocal relationship between two or more people
  • both parties want to spend more time with the others than other peer
35
Q

What are the 3 bases for selection of friends?

A
  • physcial proximity: more likely to choose friend from people children meet at home, street, class
  • sharing characterisitcs: age, sex, etc
  • similar interests and attitudes: at this level they build up trust, sensitvity, closenss, etc.
36
Q

What are the 4 stages of friendship?

A
  1. momentary phsysical playmate (3y-5y)
  2. one-way assistance (6y-8y)
  3. fairweather cooperation (9y-12y)
  4. mutual concern (11y-15y)
37
Q

What is the momentary physcial playmate stage?

A
  • define friend in terms of shared activites and geographical assocations
  • friends are children they play with, live nearby or go to school with
  • no reference to personal characteristics/pyschlogical attribtues
38
Q

What is one-way assistance stage?

A
  • friend is someone whoe helps you or does things that please you
  • need to become awar of each other’s likes/dislikes
  • no reciprocal nature yet
39
Q

What is fairweahter cooperation stage?

A
  • key feature is reciprocal understanding
  • evaluatie friends action/know friend can judge them and adapt them
  • disagreement/conflict still end friendship
40
Q

What is mutual concern stage?

A
  • can take perspective of other people
  • frienship as a bond built over time and made strong/stable by mutal support, concern and understading
  • compatible interest, values and personalities
  • fiercly protected
  • can withstand minor conflicts
41
Q

What are the three social media group users?

A
  • high overall social media use
  • high insta/snapchat use
  • low use overall
42
Q

What are the symptoms of high overall social media users?

A
  • higher expressive symptions, depressive, family conflict, lower family friend support
  • lower self esteem
  • higher anxiety loneliness
43
Q

What are the symptoms for high instagram/snapchat use?

A
  • higher school avoidance, high closer firendship/social competence/support (higher than low use)
  • helps creat social relationships

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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