Problem 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Germinal period
A
- 0-2 weeks
- blastocysts and trophoblasts develop during this period
- implantation occurs = attachment of zygote to uterine wall (11-15 days after conception)
2
Q
Blastocyst
A
= inner layer of cells that develops later into embryo
3
Q
Trophoblast
A
= outer layer of cells that develop + provides nutrion and support for embryo
4
Q
Embryonic period
A
- 3-8 weeks
- Organogenesis
- Life support system develops
- 3 layers of cells form; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
5
Q
Endoderm
A
forms inner layer, digistive + respiratory systems
6
Q
Mesoderm
A
forms middle layer; parts that surroud internal areas; circulatroy system, bones, muscles, reprodcuive system, excertory system
7
Q
Ectoderm
A
forms outer layer; surface parts, brain, sensory receptors, skin
8
Q
Organogenesis
A
formation of first organs; vulnerable to environemental changes
9
Q
What is the life support system?
A
- amnion
- umbilical cord
- placenta
10
Q
Amnion
A
Envelope containing clear fluid which the developing embryo floats in; develops from fertilized egg not mother
11
Q
Umbilical cord
A
life support system containint 2 arteries and 1 vein connecting baby to placent; develops from fertilized egg not mother
12
Q
Placenta
A
disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from mother and offspring intertwine
13
Q
Foetal period
A
- 9-40 weeks
- 2nd and 3rd trimester
14
Q
Month 3
A
- can move arms/legs, mouth can open/close
- face, forehead, eyelids, nose, chin are disthinguishable
- genitales become male/female
15
Q
Month 4
A
- grow spurt occurs
- mtoher can feel arm/leg movement
16
Q
Month 5
A
- skin structure have formed (nails)
- more active
- preference for particular position in womb
17
Q
Month 6
A
- eyes/eyelids forms
- layer of hair covers head
- grasping reflex occurs
- viable (can survive outside womb)
18
Q
Month 8+9
A
- fatty tissues develop
- funciton of organ system
- grows
- gains weight
19
Q
Teratology
A
study of congenital abnomralities + abnormal formations
20
Q
Three things that influence both severity of damage and type of defect
A
- dose = greater the dose, greater the effect
- genetic susceptiblity = type/severity linked to genotype of mother and baby
- time of exposure = certain points in development are worse (after organogenesis is complete teratogens are less likely to cause antomical defects)
21
Q
Key teratogens
A
- prescription and non-prescription drugs
- psychoactive drugs
- incompatible blood types
- enivorenmental hazards
- maternal diseases
- maternal diet and nutrition
- maternal age
- emational states and stress
- paternal factors
22
Q
Chromosomal abnormalities
A
- Down syndrome
- Turner syndrome
- XYY syndrome
- Fragile X syndrome
- Klinefelter syndrome
23
Q
Down syndrome
A
Trisomy 21, presence of a third opy of cromosome 21 can cause mild/sever intellectual disabilities or pyshical abnormalities linked to that
24
Q
Turner’s syndrome
A
X chromosome is missing in females, can cause intellectual disabilities or sexual underdevelopment
25
XYY syndrome
Presence of extra Y crhomosme in males; usually they are very tall, problems with spoken language, coordination problems, weaker muscles, hand tremors, and behavioural problems
26
Fragile X syndrome
abnormalitie in X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks, mental deficinecy but also can take form of intellectual disability
27
Klinefelter syndrome
males have an extra X chromosome, undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts and become tall
28
Gene-linked abnormalities
* sickle-cell anemia
* phenilchetonuria (PKU)
* Huntington's diseas
* diabetes
* cystic fibrosis
29
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
indiivual cannot proparly metabloize an amino acid; easily detected but when untreated results in intellectual disability and hyperactivity
30
Sickle cell anemia
affects red blood cells and occurs mosto often in people of African descent
31
three heredity-environment correlations
* passive genotype-environment
* evocative genotype-environment
* active (niche-picking) genotype environment
32
Passive genotype-enviroment
correlations that exist when the natural parents provide a rearing environement --> intelligent and read skillfylly parents provide lot of books for kid
33
Evocative genotype-environment
correlations that exist when the kid's gentically influenced charactersitics elicit certain types of environments; active smiling kids will receive more social stimulation
34
Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
correlatinos that exist when children seek out environment they find compatible and stimulating
35
Two growth patterns
* cephalocaudal pattern
* proximodistal pattern
36
Cephalocaudal patttern
Growht occurs at the top of body (head) gradually working from top to bottom
37
Proximodistal pattern
growth sequence that starts at centre of body moving towards extremities
38
Two sets of phases of brain develoment
1. neurogenesis
2. neuronal migration
3. neuranal differentation
a) synaptogenesis
b) myelination
39
Two sets of phases of brain develoment
1. neurogenesis
2. neuronal migration
3. neuranal differentation
a) synaptogenesis
b) myelination
40
neurogenesis
rapid production of neurons in neural tube
41
neuronal migration
neurons spread
42
neuronal differenatiation
when genes further modify the newly arrived cells to make them specialise for their furtur roles
43
synaptogenensis
development of potential connenctions or synapses amongst the emerging neurons
44
myelination
forming a fatty insulating coat
45
Synaptic pruning
Process by which extra neurons and synaptic connectinos are eliminated in order to increase the efficieny of neural transmissions
46
Brain plasitcity
the brain's ability to move functions from a damaged area of the brain to other undamaged areas
47
Babinski reflex
When sole of foot is strokes infant fans out toes and twis foot in; disappearts after 9 months to 1 year
48
Grasping reflex
when palms are touched grasps thightly; weakens after 3 months and disappears after 1 year
49
Moro (startle) reflex
when sudden stimulaiton (hearing loud noise, being dropped) infant startles, arches back, throws head beak, flings out arms and legs and then repdicly close them to center of body; disappears after 3/4 months
50
Rooting reflex
when cheek stroked or side of moth touched infant turns head, opens mouth, begins sucking; disappears after 3/4 month
51
Stepping reflex
when infant held above surface and feet lowered to touch surface infant moves feet as if to walk; disappears after 3/4 months
52
Sucking relfex
when object touches mouth infanct sucks automatically; disappears after 3/4 months
53
Swimming reflex
when infant put face down in water makes coordinated swimming movemnts; disappears after 6/7 months
54
Tonic neck reflex
when infant placed on back it forms first with both hands ans usually turns head to the right; disappears after 2 months
55
Gross motor skills
large muscle activities (moving one's arm/walking)
56
Fine motor skilss
Finely tuned movments (grasping toy, finger dexterity)
57
Dynamic system theory
according to this theory perception and action are coupled; to develop motor skills infant must perceiv something in environment that motivates them to finetune movements
58
Size constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
59
Shap constancy
regonication that an object remains the same shape
60
What are the different stages of pre-natal development?
1. Germinal period
2. Embryonic period
3. Foetal period
