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Developmental Psychology > Problem 1 > Flashcards

Problem 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Germinal period

A
  • 0-2 weeks
  • blastocysts and trophoblasts develop during this period
  • implantation occurs = attachment of zygote to uterine wall (11-15 days after conception)
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2
Q

Blastocyst

A

= inner layer of cells that develops later into embryo

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3
Q

Trophoblast

A

= outer layer of cells that develop + provides nutrion and support for embryo

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4
Q

Embryonic period

A
  • 3-8 weeks
  • Organogenesis
  • Life support system develops
  • 3 layers of cells form; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
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5
Q

Endoderm

A

forms inner layer, digistive + respiratory systems

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6
Q

Mesoderm

A

forms middle layer; parts that surroud internal areas; circulatroy system, bones, muscles, reprodcuive system, excertory system

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7
Q

Ectoderm

A

forms outer layer; surface parts, brain, sensory receptors, skin

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8
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of first organs; vulnerable to environemental changes

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9
Q

What is the life support system?

A
  • amnion
  • umbilical cord
  • placenta
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10
Q

Amnion

A

Envelope containing clear fluid which the developing embryo floats in; develops from fertilized egg not mother

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11
Q

Umbilical cord

A

life support system containint 2 arteries and 1 vein connecting baby to placent; develops from fertilized egg not mother

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12
Q

Placenta

A

disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from mother and offspring intertwine

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13
Q

Foetal period

A
  • 9-40 weeks
  • 2nd and 3rd trimester
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14
Q

Month 3

A
  • can move arms/legs, mouth can open/close
  • face, forehead, eyelids, nose, chin are disthinguishable
  • genitales become male/female
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15
Q

Month 4

A
  • grow spurt occurs
  • mtoher can feel arm/leg movement
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16
Q

Month 5

A
  • skin structure have formed (nails)
  • more active
  • preference for particular position in womb
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17
Q

Month 6

A
  • eyes/eyelids forms
  • layer of hair covers head
  • grasping reflex occurs
  • viable (can survive outside womb)
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18
Q

Month 8+9

A
  • fatty tissues develop
  • funciton of organ system
  • grows
  • gains weight
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19
Q

Teratology

A

study of congenital abnomralities + abnormal formations

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20
Q

Three things that influence both severity of damage and type of defect

A
  • dose = greater the dose, greater the effect
  • genetic susceptiblity = type/severity linked to genotype of mother and baby
  • time of exposure = certain points in development are worse (after organogenesis is complete teratogens are less likely to cause antomical defects)
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21
Q

Key teratogens

A
  • prescription and non-prescription drugs
  • psychoactive drugs
  • incompatible blood types
  • enivorenmental hazards
  • maternal diseases
  • maternal diet and nutrition
  • maternal age
  • emational states and stress
  • paternal factors
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22
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A
  • Down syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • XYY syndrome
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Klinefelter syndrome
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23
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21, presence of a third opy of cromosome 21 can cause mild/sever intellectual disabilities or pyshical abnormalities linked to that

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24
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

X chromosome is missing in females, can cause intellectual disabilities or sexual underdevelopment

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25
Q

XYY syndrome

A

Presence of extra Y crhomosme in males; usually they are very tall, problems with spoken language, coordination problems, weaker muscles, hand tremors, and behavioural problems

26
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

abnormalitie in X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks, mental deficinecy but also can take form of intellectual disability

27
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

males have an extra X chromosome, undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts and become tall

28
Q

Gene-linked abnormalities

A
  • sickle-cell anemia
  • phenilchetonuria (PKU)
  • Huntington’s diseas
  • diabetes
  • cystic fibrosis
29
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

indiivual cannot proparly metabloize an amino acid; easily detected but when untreated results in intellectual disability and hyperactivity

30
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

affects red blood cells and occurs mosto often in people of African descent

31
Q

three heredity-environment correlations

A
  • passive genotype-environment
  • evocative genotype-environment
  • active (niche-picking) genotype environment
32
Q

Passive genotype-enviroment

A

correlations that exist when the natural parents provide a rearing environement –> intelligent and read skillfylly parents provide lot of books for kid

33
Q

Evocative genotype-environment

A

correlations that exist when the kid’s gentically influenced charactersitics elicit certain types of environments; active smiling kids will receive more social stimulation

34
Q

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

A

correlatinos that exist when children seek out environment they find compatible and stimulating

35
Q

Two growth patterns

A
  • cephalocaudal pattern
  • proximodistal pattern
36
Q

Cephalocaudal patttern

A

Growht occurs at the top of body (head) gradually working from top to bottom

37
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

growth sequence that starts at centre of body moving towards extremities

38
Q

Two sets of phases of brain develoment

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. neuronal migration
  3. neuranal differentation

a) synaptogenesis
b) myelination

39
Q

Two sets of phases of brain develoment

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. neuronal migration
  3. neuranal differentation

a) synaptogenesis
b) myelination

40
Q

neurogenesis

A

rapid production of neurons in neural tube

41
Q

neuronal migration

A

neurons spread

42
Q

neuronal differenatiation

A

when genes further modify the newly arrived cells to make them specialise for their furtur roles

43
Q

synaptogenensis

A

development of potential connenctions or synapses amongst the emerging neurons

44
Q

myelination

A

forming a fatty insulating coat

45
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Process by which extra neurons and synaptic connectinos are eliminated in order to increase the efficieny of neural transmissions

46
Q

Brain plasitcity

A

the brain’s ability to move functions from a damaged area of the brain to other undamaged areas

47
Q

Babinski reflex

A

When sole of foot is strokes infant fans out toes and twis foot in; disappearts after 9 months to 1 year

48
Q

Grasping reflex

A

when palms are touched grasps thightly; weakens after 3 months and disappears after 1 year

49
Q

Moro (startle) reflex

A

when sudden stimulaiton (hearing loud noise, being dropped) infant startles, arches back, throws head beak, flings out arms and legs and then repdicly close them to center of body; disappears after 3/4 months

50
Q

Rooting reflex

A

when cheek stroked or side of moth touched infant turns head, opens mouth, begins sucking; disappears after 3/4 month

51
Q

Stepping reflex

A

when infant held above surface and feet lowered to touch surface infant moves feet as if to walk; disappears after 3/4 months

52
Q

Sucking relfex

A

when object touches mouth infanct sucks automatically; disappears after 3/4 months

53
Q

Swimming reflex

A

when infant put face down in water makes coordinated swimming movemnts; disappears after 6/7 months

54
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

when infant placed on back it forms first with both hands ans usually turns head to the right; disappears after 2 months

55
Q

Gross motor skills

A

large muscle activities (moving one’s arm/walking)

56
Q

Fine motor skilss

A

Finely tuned movments (grasping toy, finger dexterity)

57
Q

Dynamic system theory

A

according to this theory perception and action are coupled; to develop motor skills infant must perceiv something in environment that motivates them to finetune movements

58
Q

Size constancy

A

recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object

59
Q

Shap constancy

A

regonication that an object remains the same shape

60
Q

What are the different stages of pre-natal development?

A
  1. Germinal period
  2. Embryonic period
  3. Foetal period

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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