Problem 2 Flashcards
What are the stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor intelligence (0-2y)
- Preoperational thought (2y - 7y)
- Concrete operational thought (7y - 11y)
- Formal operations (11y - adulthood)
What are the phases of the Sensorimotor intelligence?
- the use of reflexes; 0 - 1m
- primary circular reaction (repeated actions liks sucking on hand); 1m - 4m
- secondary circular reactions (more delibarate actinos and objects get involved); 4m - 10m
- coordniation of secondary schemas (kids start using schemas and shos more complicated behaviour); 8m - 12m
- tertiary circular reactions (plays with toys in different ways; objec permanence); 12m - 18m
- beginning of mental representation (kids learn to create mental paths and leart to connect words); 18m - 2y
What is the preoperational thought?
- symbolic play
- kids are egocentric
- three mountain study
- two substages: symbolic function + intuitive thought)
What is symbolic substage?
Child begins to mentally represent objects when they are not present
What are the limitations of thought in the symbolic function substage?
- egocentrism: inability to distinghuis between one’s own persepctive and someone else’s persepective
- animism: the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
What is the intuitive thought substage?
Characterized by child asking a lot of questions about why somehting happens or is as it is also characeterized by centration
What is centration?
Happens in intuitive thought substage of stage 2 (=preoparational thought), means childs focuses their attention on one charactersitic and exclude all other characteristics
What is the concrete operational thought stage?
- 7y - 11y
- dominated by logic to solve real, actual problems
- reversiblitiy: reversible thinking on real conrete objects, mentally reverse things that happen in real life
- characterized by classification, seriation and transitivity
- getting to know the understanding of the interrelation among sets and subsets
What is seriation?
Ordering of stimuli along a quantitive dimension, like lenght
What is transivitiy?
Ability to reason about and logically combine the relationships
What does the formal operations stage entails?
- Go from concrete to more abstract understandings, see a bigger picture than just their own experiences/phuscial world aroung them
- characterized by abstract thinking, idealism, logical thinking, adolescent egocentrism
What is abstract thinking?
Verbal problem-solving ability, thinking about thought itself
What is idealism?
Qualities one desires in themselves and in others = comparisons
What is logical thinking?
Devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions –> hypothetical-dedictive reasonging: develop hypotheses, or best guassses, and systematically deduce, or conlcude, which is the best path to follow in solving the problem
What is adolscent egocentrism?
- In puberty you are very self consicoius and it feels like everyone is always awar of you and your presence
- imaginiary audience: you feel like you have to perfro attention-getting behiaovur because you have a need to be noticed
- personal fable: feeling of uniqueness and invicbility
Assimiliation
incoporating new information into an existing scheme
Accomodatino
adjusting scheme to fit new information into it
Conservation
The realization that altering an object’s or substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
Critiques on Piaget’s theory
- very rigid on age (some babies have some idea of conservation befor Piaget theorised and some adults never fully develop into stage 4)
- underestimates abilities of children (especially regarding empathy)
- culture has more impact on development than Piaget thought
What is the neo-piagetian theory?
- Piaget original model combined with cognitive information-processing
- more about social/environmental factors that impact development
What is the zone of proximal development?
The range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alon but can be learned trhough guidance and assistance of an adult or child with more skilss
What is scaffolding?
- how adult and older children try to advance a child’s abilities
- means changing the level of support, adjusting the amount of guidance to fit the child’s current performance over the coures of teaching session
What is Vygotsky’s view on education?
- education plays a cenral role, helping children learn the tools of the culture
- learning drives development
What is Piaget’s view on eduaction?
Education merely refines the child’s cognitive skills that have already emerged
