Problem 4 Flashcards
What is gender?
Gender is a system of social categories that permeates children’s lives from very early on.
What is gender identity?
- Sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding and acceptance of being male or female
- Begins to develop around 2 years old
What are gender roles?
Set of expectations that presribe how males and females should act, feel and think.
What is gender typing?
Acquisitionof traditional masculine or femine roles
What is gender stability?
The understanding that gender group membership is normally stable and permanent over time.
What is gender constancy?
The understanding that gender group memberschip is unchanged despite changes in appearance.
What is gender labelling?
Correct idetification of ‘male’ or ‘female’ of oneself and others
What are gender stereotypes?
Beliefs about what is appropriate for or typical of one’s own or the other gender group
What are the biological influences on gender?
- androgens
- oestrogens
- unusual levels of sex hormones aka defects
How do androgens influence gender?
- primarily influence development of male genitals & secondary sex characterisitc
- testosterone is an androgen
How do oestrogens influence gender?
- influence development of gemal physical sex characterisitcs
- help regulate menstrual cycle
What are defects in hormones for gender?
- congenital adrenal hyperlapsia (CAH)
- androgen-insensitive males
- pelvid field defect
What is CAH?
Females have abnormoally high levels of androgens
What are androgen-insentitive males?
When males don’t have androgens in their bodies, they still have XY but often identify as female
What is pelvic field defect?
when males have normal amount of testosteron but have been castrated after being born and raised as females even though they usually identify as boys
What is parental investment theory?
- explaisn gender differences on the basis of biological sex differences
- reproduction has differenct implications for males/females
- men/women therefor look for different traits in each other
- these traits have been adapted as gender role, behaviour and status differences
What is social learning theory?
- learning about gender through observing, modelling and imitating
- uses reinforcement and modelling
What are socialising agents?
- the models which children will imitate
- can be adults, peers and media
What is baby X experiment?
Gender label of child impacted how they were treated
What is social role theory?
- Gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men
- social hierarchy and division of labour stronly influence gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture
- gender differences developed because of being thaught to behave according to specific roles
What does the cognitive-developmental theory of Kohlberg entail?
- gender-role knowledge comes from self-sociliastion
- gender identity development is a 3 step learning process that results from chil’s attempt to understand sex role behaviour
- gender labelling
- gender stability
- gender constancy
What is self-socialisiation?
When children encounter the world around them and get gender-role knowledge from that
What is the gender labelling step of Kohlberg?
- stage 1 –> 2.5 - 3.5 years
- slow recognition of gender labels
- treat labels as personal items
- cognitive feature: egocentrism
What is egocentrism?
Children are focused on themselves and don’t see things from others perspectives
