Problem 2

Question 1

Logic

Answer 1

Refers to the organized body of knowledge that evaluates arguments

–> by this we develop a system of methods + principles we use as criteria to evaluate the arguments of others

Question 2

Argument

Answer 2

Refers to a group of statements

Question 3

Statement

Answer 3

Refers to a sentence that is either true or false

Question 4

Truth values

Answer 4

Refer to the truth or falsity of a statement

Question 5

General structure of an argument

Answer 5

1. /Opening statement
   - -> introduce topic, so not part of argument
2. Statement
   - -> premise
3. Last Statement
   - -> conclusion

Question 6

Inference

Answer 6

Refers to the reasoning process expressed by an argument

Question 7

Proposition

Answer 7

Meaning/ information content of a statement

Question 8

Syllogistic logic

Answer 8

Suggests that arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument

Question 9

Modal logic

Answer 9

Involves concepts as

a) possibility
b) necessity
c) belief or doubt

Question 10

How can you distinguish a passage containing an argument from one that is not ?

Answer 10

A passage containing an argument tries to prove something

Question 11

Which 2 conditions must be fulfilled for a passage to prove something ?

Answer 11

Factual + inferential claim

Question 12

Factual claim

Answer 12

Claiming to present evidence/reason

Question 13

Inferential claim

Answer 13

Claiming that the evidence/ reason supports the conclusion

–> objective + grounded in language + structure

THUS: Explicit or implicit

Question 14

Simple no inferential passages

Non arguments

Answer 14

Lack a claim that anything is being proved

ex.: warning, piece of advice

Question 15

Expository passages 
(Non argument)

Answer 15

Discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence

e.g.: research writing

Question 16

Explanation

Non argument

Answer 16

Refers to an expression that tries to shed light on something

Question 17

What is a conditional statement ?

Is a conditional statement an argument ?

Answer 17

1. If (antecedent) … then (consequent)
2. No, a single conditional statement is no argument
   - -> may serve as either premise or conclusion of an argument

Question 18

Deductive argument

Answer 18

Refers to an argument that claims that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true

–> based on facts/necessary reasoning

Question 19

Inductive argument

Answer 19

Refers to an argument that claims that it is improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true

–> based on opinions/probabilistic reasoning

Question 20

Valid deductive argument

Answer 20

Suggests that the conclusion true given that the premises are true

e.g.: invalid = opposite

Question 21

Sound argument

Answer 21

Refers to a deductive argument that is valid + has all true premises

= good argument

e.g.: unsound argument = invalid + false premises

Question 22

When one has a good argument and adds an

unsound argument will the argument still be sound ?

Answer 22

Yes, because the premise should not be considered as part of the argument

Question 23

Strong inductive argument

Answer 23

Suggests that it is improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true

Question 24

Weak inductive argument

Answer 24

Refers to an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to

Question 25

What is the difference between strong inductive + valid deductive arguments ?

Answer 25

1. If the conclusion of deductive arguments is true independently of the premises, then the argument is still considered valid
2. If the conclusion of an inductive argument is probably true independently of the premises, then the argument is weak

Question 26

How do you know if an

inductive argument is strong ?

Answer 26

If it is more than 50% probable

Question 27

Cogent argument

Answer 27

Refers to an inductive argument that is strong + has all true premises

e.g.: uncogent= opposite

Question 28

Counterexample method

Answer 28

Isolates the form of an argument, then constructs a substation instance having true premises + false conclusion

–> proves the invalidity of any invalid argument but can’t prove validity

Question 29

Definiendum

Answer 29

Refers to the word/group of words that is defined

Question 30

Definiens

Answer 30

Refers to the word/group of words that does the defining

Question 31

Name the 4 different Deductive argument forms.

Answer 31

1. Argument based on mathematics
2. Argument from definition
3. Hypothetical syllogism
   - -> if .. then
4. Disjunctive syllogism
   - -> either .. or

Question 32

Name the 6 different Induction argument forms.

Answer 32

1. Prediction
2. Argument from analogy
   - -> similarity of things
3. Generalization
   - -> sample is used to make claim about whole group
4. Argument from authority
   - -> expert as reference
5. Argument based on signs
6. Causal inference

Question 33

Name the 2 different types of cognitive meaning.

Answer 33

1. Intensional meaning/Connotation
   - -> qualities, attributes of the term

ex.: cats = furry, 4-legged, pet

2. Extensional meaning/Denotation
   - -> class members of the term

ex.: cats = all cats in the world

Question 34

Stipulation definition

Answer 34

Assigning a meaning to a word for the first time

Question 35

Lexical defintion

Answer 35

Reporting the meaning that a word already has in a language

Question 36

Precising definition

Answer 36

Reducing the vagueness of a word

Question 37

Theoretical defintion

Answer 37

Assigning a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes

Question 38

Persuasive defintion

Answer 38

Engendering a favorable attitude toward what is denoted by the definiendum

–> assigning an emotionally charged meaning to a word

ex.: abortion means the ruthless murdering of innocent human beings

Question 39

Multilayered arguments

Answer 39

Refer to arguments in which reasons or objects have drawn out new reasons or objections

ex.: rebuttal, refutation

Question 40

Rebuttal

Answer 40

When a reason is followed by an objection within an argument

a) Counterargument to a premise
b) Counterargument to a conclusion

Question 41

Counterargument to a premise

Rebuttal

Answer 41

Showing that the reasons contention is false

Question 42

Counterargument to a conclusion

Rebuttal

Answer 42

Showing that the contention doesn’t provide enough proof to support the conclusion

Question 43

Refutation

Answer 43

If an objection is followed by an objection within an argument

a) Refutation to the premise
b) Refutation to a conclusion