Pro social 1st year Module 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is pro-social behaviour?

A

Behaviour which focuses on helping other people
This behaviour may or may not help the person receving the help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false.

Pro-social behaviour might be harmful

A

False.

Because it can be advantageous to the person receiving the help, and to the person giving help to the other person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mention a type of pro-social behaviour.

A

Altruism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain altruism

A

Altruism is the desire to help someone in need. And it is not motivated by expecting something else in return
Altruism can be costly to the person performing it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes altruistic behaviour?

A

Empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define empathy

A

Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings and put yourself in someone else’s shoes. (you put yourself in the emotional frame of mind and perspective of another person)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give examples regarding altruism

A

Charities
Feeding stray animals
Giving money or food to a homeless person
Blood organ donation
saving lives during the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false
Altruism is associated with selfishness

A

False
It’s associated with SELFLESSNESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the empathy altruism hypothesis? And how it is divided.
(BATSON)

A

The founder of this theory stated that altruistic behaviour is mostly caused by empathy

There are 2 main types of emotional reactions when observing someone in distress.

Personal distress and emphatic concern

Personal distress: you want to reduce your discomfort when watching a person in distress

Empathic concern: want to reduce the person’s suffering (the person here is compassionate and soft-hearted)

Batson believes that altruism is caused by empathic concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the negative state relief model state?

A

Cialdini who is the founder of this theory stated that when we feel empathy for a person, we feel sad at the same time. So we help the victim to reduce our sadness, this is selfish. (It is not genuine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do children show pro-social behaviour?

A

According to psychologists children do not show pro-social behaviour.

Freud and Piaget argued that children often engage more in self-centred egocentric and anti-social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

However, research found other interesting things. What did Zahn Waxler et al conclude?

A

They concluded that children do show altruistic behavior and this increases with age

They have 2 children: 1 year and a month and a year and 8 months old, and it showed that 10% of the time they showed pro-social behaviour. Ex: sad or troubled faces

Empathetic concern: doubled with older children. ExL sharing food,o r giving a hug,sharing a favourite toy

1 yr 11 months and 2 yrs and 1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Svetlova et al came up with 3 types of pro-social behaviour in children. Mention and explain them

A

THERE IS A LIMIT TO HOW MUCH CHILDREN SHOW PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

Instrumental: Helping to help a person achieve something ex: climbing on a chair
Empathic: feeling troubled and worried for another person
Altruistic: helping someone at a personal cost ex: giving a toy to another child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which type of pro-social behaviour do children manifest the most and which is the one which manifests the least?

A

Instrumental: the most common
Emphatic: much less than instrumental
Altruistic: rare

. Altruistic behaviour was mainly shown by the adults. If altruistic behaviour was done by children it was mainly done to get a reward and not in a genuine altruistic spirit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mention some factors which influence pro-social behaviour in kids.

A

Genetic factors: studies have shown that identical twins showed more pro-social behaviour rather than fraternal twins

Environmental factors: having a loving relationship with the parents increases high levels of pro-social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mention some types of behaviour which are not pro-social.

A

Taking the last piece of cake
Jumping a queue
Taking up 2 parking spaces because it is easier

17
Q

Why do we engage in altruistic behaviour?

A

4 reasons:

Evolutionary Theory and Reciprocal altruism
For good status
To avoid 3rd party punishment

18
Q

Explain from an evolutionary perspective.

A

This means that people might manifest pro-social behaviour because they work hard to ensure their survival and the transmission of their genes. ex: a mother helps her child to ensure the transmission of genes.

Studies have shown that people act altruistically because it is partly influenced by genetic factors and also partly influenced by emotional closeness.

19
Q

Explain reciprocal altruism.

A

Reciprocal altruism refers to helping strangers in need

Reciprocal altruism: I will help you because you are going to help me

So people can show altruistic behaviour to another person if they anticipate that the person will show altruistic behaviour towards them.

20
Q

Who came up with the reciprocal altruism?

A

Trivers

21
Q

When is reciprocal altruism displayed?

A

The cost of helping is low and gains are high.
And we can identify cheaters because they get helped but then they do not reciprocate

22
Q

Explain the 4 stages of empathy development by Hoffman

A

Stage 1: Global Empathy: this happens during the first year of life. For example, a baby will cry if they see another baby cry.

Stage 2: Egocentric empathy: happens during the first 2 years of life. The baby will figure out that someone else is in distress because they start to develop a sense of self.

Stage 3: empathy for another’s feelings: at 2 or 3 years the child develops genuine feelings of empathy

Stage 4: empathy for another’s life condition: this happens in late childhood, Able to understand other person’s feelings even if the behaviour is unclear.

22
Q

True or false.

There are still people who behave altruistically even if the people who help might not help back

A

True

23
Q

What theory did Fehr and Fischbacher come up with?

A

People might show altruistic behaviour towards others to get a good reputation for being altruistic individuals. So, this would help them to get assisted by others due to their status

24
Q

What is the reason behind 3rd party punishment?

A

People could show altruistic behaviour to avoid 3rd party punishment

This means punishing someone who has treated another person unequally, even though it involves a personal sacrifice.

Third-party punishment encourages altruism since it reduces selfishness and increases cooperation.

25
Q

There are cross-cultural differences. Meaning that people from different cultures are altruistic to various degrees. Mention an experiment which was done to show the different degrees to which people show pro-social behaviour.

A

So research was done in America which is mainly an individualistic culture, and Kenya which is mainly a collectivistic culture. This was done with a bunch of other countries as well. This experiment was done by Whiting and Whiting (1975), they focused on studying pro-social behaviour in children, in 6 different cultures.

8% of American children showed altruistic behaviour

100 % of Kenyan children showed altruistic behaviour

The other countries placed in between.

26
Q

Explain in detail the findings of this experiment.

A

It can be said that the findings of this experiment were influenced by 3 factors.

Individualism: (individualistic cultures): countries like the US and Okinawa have an emphasis on personal success and being competitive. This is a normal occurrence in industrialized cities. So this would lessen altruistic behaviour and cooperation.

Family structures: (family structures): In industrialized cultures family structure is different from cultures like Kenya and Mexico. In these types of cultures, families are larger and children are given more responsibilities from a young age like taking care of their siblings. So this will cause more collectivistic values and altruistic behaviour in children, to develop altruism. The children focus more on the group’s needs rather than the individual’s

Reciprocal altruism(similarities between both cultures): both cultures expect to be helped in exchange for helping. However collectivistic cultures expect to be helped more as they offer more help than individualistic cultures.

27
Q

How can we encourage pro-social behaviour?

A

The main factor which encourages pro-social behaviour is parental influence.

Parents are the best role models for their kids. They are the ideal people to promote altruistic and pro-social behaviour in their children.]]

Or television or video games

28
Q

Who came up with 4 types of behaviours that parents show which would help children elicit pro-social behaviour?

A

Schaffer (1996)

29
Q

Explain what Schaffer came up with.

A

1) Providing clear and explicit guidelines
:

Share your toys with other children or be kind to other children even if they are unkind
or you need to treat people in the same way even if they have a different colour skin

2) Emotional conviction

Parents should be emotionally convincing when providing these guidelines

3) Parental modelling:

Parents should teach by example, and parents should behave altruistically towards their children

4) Empathic and sincere parents:

parents should try and understand their children’s point of view. They need to understand their children’s emotions and treat them with warmth and love.

30
Q

What do studies show about children who play and watch pro-social television or pro-social video games?

A

These children exhibited more pro-social behaviour

When children watched pro-social television they showed altruistic behaviour especially if the behaviour was viewed as easy to replicate and imitate.

However, children who played pro-social video games helped to promote pro-social behaviour because it provided them with pro-social scenarios, and they caused pro-social behaviour to be easily accessible, which in turn promoted pro-social behaviour.

Research has shown that children who engage In pro-social video games have an increase in empathy which leads to more pro-social behaviour. However, research also found that still, parental influence is still the most important when it comes to pro-social behaviour.