Pro/Euk Cell structures and types Flashcards
What organisms are represented as Prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
What organisms are represented as Eukaryotes?
Protists, Fungi, Animals, Plants
All Eukaryotes are multicellular except
protists and yeasts
What is the main component of the cell wall of prokaryotes?
peptidoglycan
What are the main components of the cell walls of eukaryotes?
Cellulose-Plants Chitin-Fungi and Arthropods No cell wall- animals
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
Binary fission
How do eukaryotic cells divide?
Mitosis & Meiosis
What are the 4 universal components of cells?
A cytoplasm, DNA, Plasma Layer, Ribosomes
Is a ribosome a organelle?
no
What is A
The prokaryotic Flagellum
What is B
The inclusion body/Food granule
What is C?
Ribosomes
What is D?
pilus
What is E?
The nucleoid
What is F?
Capsile layer/Slime Layer
What is G?
The cell wall
What is H?
The plasma Layer
What is I?
The cytoplasm
What is J?
The plasmid (DNA extrachromosomal)
Describe the Chromosome of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
Located in the Nucleoid of the cell
It is a bundle of DNA,RNA, and associated proteins.
Genetic blueprint of the cell
Not inclosed in a membrane (no nucleus)
Describe the Plasmid of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
A circular extrachromosomal(outside of the chromosome) DNA in some Bacteria
Not vital
encodes genes necessary for survival
up to 12 plasmids
Allow antibiotic resistance
Describe the inclusion body of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
Granules
SOME Used for the storage of glycogen
SOME used as gas vesicles for flotation
*bacteria fat*
Describe the endospore of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
Only found in some Bacillis and Clostridium bacteria
The toughest of all micro structures
Composed of layers of Clacium and Dipicoinic acid
Survives adverse env. conditions
can live up to 100 years
A survival structure
What does the calcium component of the endospore provide in terms of protection?
Heat protection
Endospores can be airborn if in a ______ form
Dehydrated
What are the three reasons that endospores are reguarded as survival structures?
- they are only formed in adverse conditions
- A cell can only make one single endospore
- the endospore is metabolically inactive
What conditions will kill an endospore?
121c for 15 minutes
What are the four major layers of the endosperm outward in
The exosperm
the sporecoat-keratin
the cortex laminated layer-shields from pressure
the core-layers of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid
(core holds the DNA)
Describe the ribosomes of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
small structures with substructures
dispursed in the cytoplasm
site of protein synthesis
Describe the Pilus of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
Similar to flagella but thinner and shorter
Extentions of the cell membrane
2 types
Fimbriae-shorter, used for attachment to surfaces *velcro*
“F” Pilus/Conjunction pilus- Longer pilus used for transfer of DNA (mating/conjugation)
Describe the flagellum of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
The long wavy hairlike structure used for locomotion
made up of the protein flagellin
Describe the capsule/slime layer of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
Collectively called the glycolyx
the outer most layer of cell
composed of carbohydrates
Serves as a protective device
traps nutrients and helps adhere to surfaces
if pathogenic, the slime layer offers protection from antibodies and drugs
Describe the Cell wall of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
Found in all bacteria except Mycoplasmids
several types
All composed of peptidoglycan
also contains lipids in the form fat or wax depending on wall type
General function is to support the cell and protectic from bursting
middle layer of cell
What are the three types of prokaryotic cell walls?
Gram positive
Gram negative
Acid fast
What is the composition of a gram positive cell wall?
Majorally a homogenous layer of peptidoglycan making up 60-90% of its width
What is the composition of a Gram-negative cell wall?
A thin layer of peptidoglycan making up 10/20 percent of the wall
Has an outter membrane/layer made of lipopolysaccharides called a Lipid A endotoxin - this is the pathogenic factor of a gram negative cell
the Lipid layer is also what makes gram negative cells more resistant to drugs
What is the composition of an acid fast cell wall?
Composed of less than 10% of peptidoglycan and a thick outter layer of lipid in the form of wax
Slow growing due to wax layers selective permiability
wax layer impedes diffusion of nutrients
Acid fast drugs are the most resistant to drugs but due to slow growth they are not as sever as gram negitive cells when they represent as pathenogenic
Describe the Cell membrane of a Prokaryotic cell.
(Physical/Function)
The inner most layer before the cytoplasm
composed of a double layer of phospholipids. making the layer semipermeable. only allowing certin substances to pass in or out *H2O, CO2, O2*
The layer also contains proteins that aid in transport, work as enzymes, and as chemical signals.
Also contains lipids to maintain fluidity
What are the two uique functions of a bacterial cell membrane
They are the site of DNA attachment during replication
they are the site of respiration (ATP production)
What is A
Carbohydrate chain
What is B
Alphahelix protein
What is C
Lipids
What is D
Cytoplasm
What is E
Proteins
What is F
The lipid Bilayer
What is G
Phospolipid head *hydrophilic*
What is kindom archaea?
How do they differ from bacteria
Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls. This allows them to survive in extreme environments
They are non-pathogenetic and are not effected by antibiotics
They differ from bacteria because they have no peptidoglycan, they are not pathogenetic, cant be killed with antibiotics and are found in extreme environments.
What are the three major classes of domain archaea?
Methanogens
Extreme Halophphiles
Extreme Thermophiles
What are the characteristics of Methanogens?
They are strict anaerobes
they are the major decomposers in swewr systems
they produce methane
What are the characteristics of extreme Halophiles
salt loving
thrive in high salt environments
some are photosynthetic with purple pigment
What are the caracteristics of Thermophiles?
Live in hot environments (60-80c) as high as 105c
the acidophiles can produce sulfuric acid from sulfur
What is the pathogenic factor of gram negative cells?
the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane
What is an acid-fast cell wall?
has a peptidoglycan layer (less than 10% of cell wall) with a thick layer of lipid*wax* (60% of cell wall)
Why are acidfast bacteria slow growing?
because the the outter lipid layer is very selective and impedes the diffusion of nutrients
What are the three primary functions of the prokaryotic cell wall?
1 normal
2 unique
Regulation of movement of substances in and out of the cell
*Unique*
Site of DNA attachment during replication
Site of respiration
Where is the site of DNA attachment in bacteria?
the cell membrane
Bacteria do not have mitochondria. Where then do they produce adenosine triphosphate
In the cell membrane. This is the cite of respiration in prokaryotic cells
What color do gram negative bacteria show up as in a gram stain?
Red/pink
What color do gram positive bacteria show up as in a gram stain?
blue/purple
Domain Archaea are prokaryotes without any ______ in their cell walls
Peptidiglycan
Extreamophiles make up most of domain ____
Archaea
Whis is it speciffaclly good that domain archaea are not pathogenitic?
because they are resistant to antibiotics
our main medicinal defence against bacteria are____?
antibiotics
Can bacteria be extreamophiles?
no
Discribe Cyanobacteria and their two unique characteristics?
Also know as Blue green algae
The are aquatic bacteria
- Photosynthetic
- They fix atomospheric nitrogen
*convers N2 to NH4*
Discribe Spirochetes
Name the two diseases associated with them
Sprillium shaped bacteria.
Agents of STD’s
Syphilis(Treponema palidum)
Lyme disease
What is the site of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria?
the heterocyst. Seen as a slightly larger body on the strand of cyanobacteria
What is the main commercial use of cyanobacteria?
Microbe-fertilizers
*rice Patties*
What allows cyanobacteria to float on the surface?
air filled inclusion bodies
Discribe mycoplasmas?
pleomorphic bacteria
The only bacteria without a cell wall
very picky eaters
difficult to culture
What were Chlamydia and Rickettsiae considered virius at first?
because they are obligate parasites
What is unique of the cell wall of the true bacteria Chlamydia and Rickettsia?
They do not have a peptidioglycan cell wall
What is number 1
its function?
This is the nucleolus of the cell necleus
It houses the RNA and associated proteins
What is number 2
Its function?
This is a Nuclear pore of the nucleus
Located in the nuclear membrane, they allow the nucleus to be selectively permiable
What is number 3?
This is the nuclear chromatin of the cell nucleus
This holds the DNA of the cell and it associated proteins
What is the function of the mitochondrion of the cell?
Discribe it
The organelle that produces ATP for the cell.
has a double membrane
This organelle has its own DNA that is inherited from your mother.
This is the nucleolus of the cell necleus
It houses the RNA and associated proteins
What is number 1
its function?
This is a Nuclear pore of the nucleus
Located in the nuclear membrane, they allow the nucleus to be selectively permiable
What is number 2
Its function?
This is the nuclear chromatin of the cell nucleus
This holds the DNA of the cell and it associated proteins
What is number 3?
Name this organelle
This is the mitochonrion
What is the main function of the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell?
to regulate movment of sunstances in and out of the cell.
What is the sterol found in animal cells and what is found in fungi?
Animals-Cholesteral
Fungi-ergosterol
What are cilia?
What do they do
What do they look like
What organisms use them?
Short hairlike structures make up of microfilaments and microtubules
similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous
They allow movement used by protists
What are micro filaments? what are the composed of?
They are also called?
Also called actin filaments
Composed of proteins
they allow for cytoplasmic movement
What are micro tubules
where do they form during mitosis?
they are a main component of?
Thick filaments of protein
Form the spindle app.
Main component of Flagella and cilia
Centrioles are only found in _____cells?
Animal
What is the function of centrioles?
The insure that cell division is orderly
The golgi apparatus is often called the _____ of the cell
Post office
What is the golgi app. called the post office of the cell?
Because its function is to issue the final modifications of proteins and lipids then sent them out to the appropriate locations either within the cell or out of the cell. *VIA golgi bodies*
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called rough?
Because this is where the ribosomes are attached within the cell and this gives a grainy apperance
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
It produces and deconstructs lipids
Lysosomes are usually found in ____
animals
what is the function of lysosomes?
They clean up dead cell parts via phagocitosis
What is the function Peroxisome.
breaks down lipids and is involved in detox.
What is kindom protista?
How are they grouped?
They are unicellular eukaryotes
grouped based off of locomotion
Discribe protozoa
Animal like protists
Loboseans/Sarcodina are types of ____ and are also know as
Protozoa
Amoeba
Discribe Amoebas
Mode of movment
shape
habitat
A type of Protozoa
Fried egg shaped
predatory
move via pseudopodia
live at bottoms of ponds and in contaminated water
What is the amoeba responisible for disentary
Entamoba histolytica
What are Mastigophora?
Classification
mobility
Protists
protozoa
(trypanosomes= one or more flagella)
What is a Giardia?
what disease do they cause?
A flagellated protist (Mastigophora)
No mitochondria they have a similar structure
two nuclei
cause campers diarrhea
What are Trichomonas?
Class.
what can they cause?
Protists
Protazoa (mastigophora)
Flagellated protist with no mitochondria
Has a hydrosome instead that produces ATP while generating hydrogen
Causes vaginal infection
What are Trichomonas?
class.
movement
What diseased do they cause?
Protists
Protazoa (Mastigophora)
Large single Mitochondrion
at least one flagellum
complex DNA
Cause african sleeping sickness
Discribe Apicomplexans / Sporozoans (plasmodium)
classification
Mobility
life cycle
how as classified
What is an Apical Complex
Protists
Non-motile,
complex life cycle
classified by shape
An apical complex is a pointy end that heps them penitrate cell membrane of host cells
What are Plasmodium?
Classification
what diseases do they cause?
Protits
protoza
Apicomplexans/Sporozoans (plasmodium)
Cause Malaria
What are Ciliates(paramecium)?
Classification
function
movement class
Protozoa
Protists
Cleaners of the environment
Mulitciliated that is how they move
What are the largest group of protozoa?
Ciliates
Paramecium are ____shapped
Slipper
scrubbing bubbles
What is the only pathogenic ciliate?
what do they cause?
Balntidium
Diarrhea
