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Microbiology > Pro/Euk Cell structures and types > Flashcards

Pro/Euk Cell structures and types Flashcards

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1
Q

What organisms are represented as Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

What organisms are represented as Eukaryotes?

A

Protists, Fungi, Animals, Plants

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3
Q

All Eukaryotes are multicellular except

A

protists and yeasts

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4
Q

What is the main component of the cell wall of prokaryotes?

A

peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What are the main components of the cell walls of eukaryotes?

A

Cellulose-Plants Chitin-Fungi and Arthropods No cell wall- animals

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6
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission

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7
Q

How do eukaryotic cells divide?

A

Mitosis & Meiosis

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8
Q

What are the 4 universal components of cells?

A

A cytoplasm, DNA, Plasma Layer, Ribosomes

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9
Q

Is a ribosome a organelle?

A

no

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10
Q

What is A

A

The prokaryotic Flagellum

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11
Q

What is B

A

The inclusion body/Food granule

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12
Q

What is C?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

What is D?

A

pilus

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14
Q

What is E?

A

The nucleoid

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15
Q

What is F?

A

Capsile layer/Slime Layer

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16
Q

What is G?

A

The cell wall

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17
Q

What is H?

A

The plasma Layer

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18
Q

What is I?

A

The cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is J?

A

The plasmid (DNA extrachromosomal)

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20
Q

Describe the Chromosome of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

Located in the Nucleoid of the cell

It is a bundle of DNA,RNA, and associated proteins.

Genetic blueprint of the cell

Not inclosed in a membrane (no nucleus)

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21
Q

Describe the Plasmid of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

A circular extrachromosomal(outside of the chromosome) DNA in some Bacteria

Not vital

encodes genes necessary for survival

up to 12 plasmids

Allow antibiotic resistance

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22
Q

Describe the inclusion body of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

Granules

SOME Used for the storage of glycogen

SOME used as gas vesicles for flotation

*bacteria fat*

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23
Q

Describe the endospore of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

Only found in some Bacillis and Clostridium bacteria

The toughest of all micro structures

Composed of layers of Clacium and Dipicoinic acid

Survives adverse env. conditions

can live up to 100 years

A survival structure

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24
Q

What does the calcium component of the endospore provide in terms of protection?

A

Heat protection

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25
Q

Endospores can be airborn if in a ______ form

A

Dehydrated

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26
Q

What are the three reasons that endospores are reguarded as survival structures?

A
  1. they are only formed in adverse conditions
  2. A cell can only make one single endospore
  3. the endospore is metabolically inactive
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27
Q

What conditions will kill an endospore?

A

121c for 15 minutes

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28
Q

What are the four major layers of the endosperm outward in

A

The exosperm

the sporecoat-keratin

the cortex laminated layer-shields from pressure

the core-layers of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid

(core holds the DNA)

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29
Q

Describe the ribosomes of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

small structures with substructures

dispursed in the cytoplasm

site of protein synthesis

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30
Q

Describe the Pilus of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

Similar to flagella but thinner and shorter

Extentions of the cell membrane

2 types

Fimbriae-shorter, used for attachment to surfaces *velcro*

“F” Pilus/Conjunction pilus- Longer pilus used for transfer of DNA (mating/conjugation)

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31
Q

Describe the flagellum of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

The long wavy hairlike structure used for locomotion

made up of the protein flagellin

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32
Q

Describe the capsule/slime layer of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

Collectively called the glycolyx

the outer most layer of cell

composed of carbohydrates

Serves as a protective device

traps nutrients and helps adhere to surfaces

if pathogenic, the slime layer offers protection from antibodies and drugs

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33
Q

Describe the Cell wall of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

Found in all bacteria except Mycoplasmids

several types

All composed of peptidoglycan

also contains lipids in the form fat or wax depending on wall type

General function is to support the cell and protectic from bursting

middle layer of cell

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34
Q

What are the three types of prokaryotic cell walls?

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

Acid fast

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35
Q

What is the composition of a gram positive cell wall?

A

Majorally a homogenous layer of peptidoglycan making up 60-90% of its width

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36
Q

What is the composition of a Gram-negative cell wall?

A

A thin layer of peptidoglycan making up 10/20 percent of the wall

Has an outter membrane/layer made of lipopolysaccharides called a Lipid A endotoxin - this is the pathogenic factor of a gram negative cell

the Lipid layer is also what makes gram negative cells more resistant to drugs

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37
Q

What is the composition of an acid fast cell wall?

A

Composed of less than 10% of peptidoglycan and a thick outter layer of lipid in the form of wax

Slow growing due to wax layers selective permiability

wax layer impedes diffusion of nutrients

Acid fast drugs are the most resistant to drugs but due to slow growth they are not as sever as gram negitive cells when they represent as pathenogenic

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38
Q

Describe the Cell membrane of a Prokaryotic cell.

(Physical/Function)

A

The inner most layer before the cytoplasm

composed of a double layer of phospholipids. making the layer semipermeable. only allowing certin substances to pass in or out *H2O, CO2, O2*

The layer also contains proteins that aid in transport, work as enzymes, and as chemical signals.

Also contains lipids to maintain fluidity

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39
Q

What are the two uique functions of a bacterial cell membrane

A

They are the site of DNA attachment during replication

they are the site of respiration (ATP production)

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40
Q

What is A

A

Carbohydrate chain

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41
Q

What is B

A

Alphahelix protein

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42
Q

What is C

A

Lipids

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43
Q

What is D

A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q

What is E

A

Proteins

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45
Q

What is F

A

The lipid Bilayer

46
Q

What is G

A

Phospolipid head *hydrophilic*

47
Q

What is kindom archaea?

How do they differ from bacteria

A

Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls. This allows them to survive in extreme environments

They are non-pathogenetic and are not effected by antibiotics

They differ from bacteria because they have no peptidoglycan, they are not pathogenetic, cant be killed with antibiotics and are found in extreme environments.

48
Q

What are the three major classes of domain archaea?

A

Methanogens

Extreme Halophphiles

Extreme Thermophiles

49
Q

What are the characteristics of Methanogens?

A

They are strict anaerobes

they are the major decomposers in swewr systems

they produce methane

50
Q

What are the characteristics of extreme Halophiles

A

salt loving

thrive in high salt environments

some are photosynthetic with purple pigment

51
Q

What are the caracteristics of Thermophiles?

A

Live in hot environments (60-80c) as high as 105c

the acidophiles can produce sulfuric acid from sulfur

52
Q

What is the pathogenic factor of gram negative cells?

A

the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

53
Q

What is an acid-fast cell wall?

A

has a peptidoglycan layer (less than 10% of cell wall) with a thick layer of lipid*wax* (60% of cell wall)

54
Q

Why are acidfast bacteria slow growing?

A

because the the outter lipid layer is very selective and impedes the diffusion of nutrients

55
Q

What are the three primary functions of the prokaryotic cell wall?

1 normal

2 unique

A

Regulation of movement of substances in and out of the cell

*Unique*

Site of DNA attachment during replication

Site of respiration

56
Q

Where is the site of DNA attachment in bacteria?

A

the cell membrane

57
Q

Bacteria do not have mitochondria. Where then do they produce adenosine triphosphate

A

In the cell membrane. This is the cite of respiration in prokaryotic cells

58
Q

What color do gram negative bacteria show up as in a gram stain?

A

Red/pink

59
Q

What color do gram positive bacteria show up as in a gram stain?

A

blue/purple

60
Q

Domain Archaea are prokaryotes without any ______ in their cell walls

A

Peptidiglycan

61
Q

Extreamophiles make up most of domain ____

A

Archaea

62
Q

Whis is it speciffaclly good that domain archaea are not pathogenitic?

A

because they are resistant to antibiotics

63
Q

our main medicinal defence against bacteria are____?

A

antibiotics

64
Q

Can bacteria be extreamophiles?

A

no

65
Q

Discribe Cyanobacteria and their two unique characteristics?

A

Also know as Blue green algae

The are aquatic bacteria

  1. Photosynthetic
  2. They fix atomospheric nitrogen

*convers N2 to NH4*

66
Q

Discribe Spirochetes

Name the two diseases associated with them

A

Sprillium shaped bacteria.

Agents of STD’s

Syphilis(Treponema palidum)

Lyme disease

67
Q

What is the site of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria?

A

the heterocyst. Seen as a slightly larger body on the strand of cyanobacteria

68
Q

What is the main commercial use of cyanobacteria?

A

Microbe-fertilizers

*rice Patties*

69
Q

What allows cyanobacteria to float on the surface?

A

air filled inclusion bodies

70
Q

Discribe mycoplasmas?

A

pleomorphic bacteria

The only bacteria without a cell wall

very picky eaters

difficult to culture

71
Q

What were Chlamydia and Rickettsiae considered virius at first?

A

because they are obligate parasites

72
Q

What is unique of the cell wall of the true bacteria Chlamydia and Rickettsia?

A

They do not have a peptidioglycan cell wall

73
Q

What is number 1

its function?

A

This is the nucleolus of the cell necleus

It houses the RNA and associated proteins

74
Q

What is number 2

Its function?

A

This is a Nuclear pore of the nucleus

Located in the nuclear membrane, they allow the nucleus to be selectively permiable

75
Q

What is number 3?

A

This is the nuclear chromatin of the cell nucleus

This holds the DNA of the cell and it associated proteins

76
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion of the cell?

Discribe it

A

The organelle that produces ATP for the cell.

has a double membrane

This organelle has its own DNA that is inherited from your mother.

77
Q

This is the nucleolus of the cell necleus

It houses the RNA and associated proteins

A

What is number 1

its function?

78
Q

This is a Nuclear pore of the nucleus

Located in the nuclear membrane, they allow the nucleus to be selectively permiable

A

What is number 2

Its function?

79
Q

This is the nuclear chromatin of the cell nucleus

This holds the DNA of the cell and it associated proteins

A

What is number 3?

80
Q

Name this organelle

A

This is the mitochonrion

81
Q

What is the main function of the cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell?

A

to regulate movment of sunstances in and out of the cell.

82
Q

What is the sterol found in animal cells and what is found in fungi?

A

Animals-Cholesteral

Fungi-ergosterol

83
Q

What are cilia?

What do they do

What do they look like

What organisms use them?

A

Short hairlike structures make up of microfilaments and microtubules

similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous

They allow movement used by protists

84
Q

What are micro filaments? what are the composed of?

They are also called?

A

Also called actin filaments

Composed of proteins

they allow for cytoplasmic movement

85
Q

What are micro tubules

where do they form during mitosis?

they are a main component of?

A

Thick filaments of protein

Form the spindle app.

Main component of Flagella and cilia

86
Q

Centrioles are only found in _____cells?

A

Animal

87
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

The insure that cell division is orderly

88
Q

The golgi apparatus is often called the _____ of the cell

A

Post office

89
Q

What is the golgi app. called the post office of the cell?

A

Because its function is to issue the final modifications of proteins and lipids then sent them out to the appropriate locations either within the cell or out of the cell. *VIA golgi bodies*

90
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called rough?

A

Because this is where the ribosomes are attached within the cell and this gives a grainy apperance

91
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

It produces and deconstructs lipids

92
Q

Lysosomes are usually found in ____

A

animals

93
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

They clean up dead cell parts via phagocitosis

94
Q

What is the function Peroxisome.

A

breaks down lipids and is involved in detox.

95
Q

What is kindom protista?

How are they grouped?

A

They are unicellular eukaryotes

grouped based off of locomotion

96
Q

Discribe protozoa

A

Animal like protists

97
Q

Loboseans/Sarcodina are types of ____ and are also know as

A

Protozoa

Amoeba

98
Q

Discribe Amoebas

Mode of movment

shape

habitat

A

A type of Protozoa

Fried egg shaped

predatory

move via pseudopodia

live at bottoms of ponds and in contaminated water

99
Q

What is the amoeba responisible for disentary

A

Entamoba histolytica

100
Q

What are Mastigophora?

Classification

mobility

A

Protists

protozoa

(trypanosomes= one or more flagella)

101
Q

What is a Giardia?

what disease do they cause?

A

A flagellated protist (Mastigophora)

No mitochondria they have a similar structure

two nuclei

cause campers diarrhea

102
Q

What are Trichomonas?

Class.

what can they cause?

A

Protists

Protazoa (mastigophora)

Flagellated protist with no mitochondria

Has a hydrosome instead that produces ATP while generating hydrogen

Causes vaginal infection

103
Q

What are Trichomonas?

class.

movement

What diseased do they cause?

A

Protists

Protazoa (Mastigophora)

Large single Mitochondrion

at least one flagellum

complex DNA

Cause african sleeping sickness

104
Q

Discribe Apicomplexans / Sporozoans (plasmodium)

classification

Mobility

life cycle

how as classified

What is an Apical Complex

A

Protists

Non-motile,

complex life cycle

classified by shape

An apical complex is a pointy end that heps them penitrate cell membrane of host cells

105
Q

What are Plasmodium?

Classification

what diseases do they cause?

A

Protits

protoza

Apicomplexans/Sporozoans (plasmodium)

Cause Malaria

106
Q

What are Ciliates(paramecium)?

Classification

function

movement class

A

Protozoa

Protists

Cleaners of the environment

Mulitciliated that is how they move

107
Q

What are the largest group of protozoa?

A

Ciliates

108
Q

Paramecium are ____shapped

A

Slipper

scrubbing bubbles

109
Q

What is the only pathogenic ciliate?

what do they cause?

A

Balntidium

Diarrhea

110
Q
A

Microbiology (8 decks)

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