Microbiology introduction/basic types and functions Flashcards
Define microbiology
the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
What is a microorganism?
A microbe an organism with a diameter of 1mm or less
What are the four major groups of microbes?
Bacteria, Protists (protistan), Fungi, Viruses
Are bacteria Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
Procaryotes.
How do bacteria divide?
through binary fission
What does it mean to be motile or non motile?
mobile or nonmobile
What does it mean to be a facultative anaerobe?
Able to switch from aerobic to anaerobic in the absence of oxygen
Give an example of a facultative anaerobe
Coliforms e. coli
what is the average size of bacteria?
.5-2.0 nanometer
What are the three major shapes of bacteria
Round(coccus) Rods(bacillus) Spiral(spirillum)
Name the shape
Coccus
name the shape
Bacillus
name that shape
spirillum
name that shape
Star
name that shape!
Square
name that shape
fliamentous
Name that shape!
Pleomorphic
(assues different shapes)
X,Y,V forms
What are the two major classes of protists?
Algae and Protoza
What is algae?
Plant like protists that are usually aquatic and photosynthetic
What is a protozoa
uni/mulitcellular Animal like proitusts mostly capable of movement
Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
eukaryotes
What are fungi?
Mostly multicellular eukaryotes with filamentous bodies
usually spore-bearing
generally non-motile
NON-Photosynthetic
What are the only unicellular fungi?
yeast
What about pleomorphic bacteria allows them to assume different shapes?
they have no cell wall
The cell wall of fungi contains___
chitin
The cell wall of bacteria contains___?
peptidoglycan
What is a virius?
A submicroscopic, acellular(no cell) particle composed of a nuecleic acid(either DNA or RNA but never both) with a protein coat
They are aways obligate parasites
what is an obligate parasite?
they can only replicate inside a host body
What are the other small organisms study under the scope of microbiology?
Helminths-
Nematodes and pathogenic worms
Arthropods
insects, mites, ticks(vectors of disease)
what percent of microbes are known to cause disease?
1%
What is the nummber one potential bio-weapon?
smallpox
in the ___century Bubinic Plague was caused by the ____Bacterium and killed ____people over 300 years. It was perpetuated due to the belief in _____
14th
Yersinia Pestis
aprox 25 million
Abiogensis
Typhus is caused by what bacterium?
The Rickettsiae species
What type of pathogen is smallpox?
a viris
What type of pathogen is influenza?
a Virus
How is Cholera spread? What bacterium is responsible?
Polluted water
Vibrio cholera
What type of pathogen is AIDS?
A virus
What is SARS?
what causes it?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom
caused by the corona virus
What type of pathogen is Mad Cow Disease?
an infectious protein=prions
Name the pathogen and its type that caused the potato blight
Phytophthora infestans
fungus
WHat are the seven important factors of microbes
agents of disease
decomposers and cleaners of the environment
they form symbiotic relationships
the serve as food for many
used to produce food and drink
source of antibiotics and other drugs
tools for genetic engineering and research
name the pathogen and its type that causes coffee rust
Fungus
Hemilea vastarix
Why are microbes important for the environment?
they decompose dead organisms
they clean the environment
they recycle vital elements *most important*
Name one of the two fungi genuses that are used in oil spill clean up?
Penicillium sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
What type of bacteria are used to clean up sewers, produce methane gas
Methanogens
What type of Microbe is used to help clean up nuclear waste?
algae
How do microbes and plants work together?
Bicteria will populate the roots of that plants to aide in nutriant absorbtion.
what are the bacteria that fix nitrogen?
Rhizobia
What is the fungi that is found in the roots of plants that is able to absorb phosphorous and other nutrients for plants?
Mycorrhizal
What are three microbe types that are food for marine animals?
algae, cyanobacteria, protozoa
What microbes do humans eat?
mushrooms and algae
what is the genus of yeasts used in alcoholic beverages?
Saccharomyces
Where does xanthan gum come from?
The harvested capsual layer of Xanthomonas campestris bacteria
What bacteria makes blue cheese?
Penicillin roquefortii
Penicillin comes from a _____ called ____
fungus
Penicillium
Streptomycin comes of a ____?
bacteria
Botox comes from a ____ called _____
Name is dirived from
Bo=
Tox=
Bacterium
Clostridium Botulinum
Botulism
Toxin
How are microbes used in genetic engineering?
Source of enzymes
carriers of foreign genes
WHat three factors make microbes excellent tools for research?
Simple structures
fast growth
cheap to produce en-mass
Bacteriology studies___
bacteria
Mycology studies_____
fungi
Pycology studies_____
algae
parasitology studies _____
parasitic worms and arthropods
Protozoology studies ____
protists
Virology studies _____
viruses
What are the two broad categories of cells?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What does Prokaryote mean?
they evolved before nucleuses
Pro-Before
Karyon-Kernal
What does Eukaryote mean?
has a nucleus
Eu-true
Karyon-kernal
What organisms are represented as prokaryotes?
Bacteria and archaea
What organisms are represented as Eukaryotes?
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
Level or organization for Prokaryotes
single celled
Level or organization for Eukaryotes
Mostly multicelluar with the exception of yeasts and protists
Average size for Prokaryotes
0.3-2.0µm
Average size for eukaryotes
5-50µm
Type of cell wall in prokaryotes
peptidoglycan
type of cell wall in plants
cellulose
type of cell wall in fungi
chitin *also in arthropods*
type of cell wall in animals
none
cell division in prokaryotes
binary fission
cell division in eukaryotes
mitosis and meiosis
______ have zero organlles
prokaryotes
WHat is the nature of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
small 70s with 50s and 30s subunits
What is the nature of the ribsomes in eukaryotic cells?
large 80s with 60s and 40s subunits
Define Cell
the basic unit of life
according to the germ thory, all calles come from____
other cells
What are the four universal components of cells
a cytoplasm
plasma membrane
DNA
Ribosome
What is the cytoplam
the semi-solid internal portion of the cell.
supports the organelles
what is the plasma membrane/cell membrane
the semipermiable envelope around the cytoplasm
What is DNA
genetic materal
what is the ribosome
the site of protein synthesis
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic chromosome
Composed of DNA or RNA and associated proteins
contains hereditary material *genetic blueprints*
Not inclosed in a membrane
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic plasmid.
a circular extrachromosomal DNA in some bacteria
Not vital but may encode genes necessary for survival
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic inclusion bodies?
some are storage granules containing glycogen
some are gas vesicles that work as a floatation device.
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic endospore.
formed by only some bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium
Layers of calcium and Dipicolinic acid.
survival structure not a reproductive structure
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic Pilus
2 types
Fimbriae =shorter pili ised for attachment to surfaces /hoast tissues
F pilus/conjugation pilus= longer pilus for transfer of DNA from one bacteria cell to the other.
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic flagellum
Hair like wavy structers used for locomation.
made of the protein falgellin it is wavy
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic capsule/slime layer
collectivley called glycocalyx
made up of carbohydrates and serves as a protective device and trapping of nutrients and adherence to surface
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic cell wall
in all bacteria except mycoplasmas
composed of peptidoglycan and maybe lipids
serves as structural support and protection from bursting due to osmotic pressure
What are the three types of cell wall?
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid Fast
What is a gram positive cell wall
a cell wall that is made up of homogenous layer of peptidoglycan (60-90% of cell wall)
What are the two components of peptidoglycan
Sugar protein
What is a gram negative cell wall
a cell wall with a small layer of peptidoglycan (10-20%) of cell wall. with an outer-membrane made up of lipopolysaccharides *fat and sugar*
Also called Lipid A endotoxin
What is the pathogenic factor of gram negative cells?
the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane
What is an acid-fast cell wall?
has a peptidoglycan layer (less than 10% of cell wall) with a thick layer of lipid*wax* (60% of cell wall)
Why are acidfast bacteria slow growing?
because the the outter lipid layer is very selective and impedes the diffusion of nutrients
What are the three primary functions of the prokaryotic cell wall?
1 normal
2 unique
Regulation of movement of substances in and out of the cell
*Unique*
Site of DNA attachment during replication
Site of respiration
Where is the site of DNA attachment in bacteria?
the cell membrane
Bacteria do not have mitochondria. Where then do they produce adenosine triphosphate
In the cell membrane. This is the cite of respiration in prokaryotic cells
