Microbiology introduction/basic types and functions Flashcards
1
Q
Define microbiology
A
the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
2
Q
What is a microorganism?
A
A microbe an organism with a diameter of 1mm or less
3
Q
What are the four major groups of microbes?
A
Bacteria, Protists (protistan), Fungi, Viruses
4
Q
Are bacteria Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Procaryotes.
5
Q
How do bacteria divide?
A
through binary fission
6
Q
What does it mean to be motile or non motile?
A
mobile or nonmobile
7
Q
What does it mean to be a facultative anaerobe?
A
Able to switch from aerobic to anaerobic in the absence of oxygen
8
Q
Give an example of a facultative anaerobe
A
Coliforms e. coli
9
Q
what is the average size of bacteria?
A
.5-2.0 nanometer
10
Q
What are the three major shapes of bacteria
A
Round(coccus) Rods(bacillus) Spiral(spirillum)
11
Q
Name the shape
A
Coccus
12
Q
name the shape
A
Bacillus
13
Q
name that shape
A
spirillum
14
Q
name that shape
A
Star
15
Q
name that shape!
A
Square
16
Q
name that shape
A
fliamentous
17
Q
Name that shape!
A
Pleomorphic
(assues different shapes)
X,Y,V forms
18
Q
What are the two major classes of protists?
A
Algae and Protoza
19
Q
What is algae?
A
Plant like protists that are usually aquatic and photosynthetic
20
Q
What is a protozoa
A
uni/mulitcellular Animal like proitusts mostly capable of movement
21
Q
Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
A
eukaryotes
22
Q
What are fungi?
A
Mostly multicellular eukaryotes with filamentous bodies
usually spore-bearing
generally non-motile
NON-Photosynthetic
23
Q
What are the only unicellular fungi?
A
yeast
24
Q
What about pleomorphic bacteria allows them to assume different shapes?
A
they have no cell wall
25
The cell wall of fungi contains\_\_\_
chitin
26
The cell wall of bacteria contains\_\_\_?
peptidoglycan
27
What is a virius?
A submicroscopic, acellular(no cell) particle composed of a nuecleic acid(either DNA or RNA but never both) with a protein coat
They are aways obligate parasites
28
what is an obligate parasite?
they can only replicate inside a host body
29
What are the other small organisms study under the scope of microbiology?
Helminths-
Nematodes and pathogenic worms
Arthropods
insects, mites, ticks(vectors of disease)
30
what percent of microbes are known to cause disease?
1%
31
What is the nummber one potential bio-weapon?
smallpox
32
in the \_\_\_century Bubinic Plague was caused by the \_\_\_\_Bacterium and killed \_\_\_\_people over 300 years. It was perpetuated due to the belief in \_\_\_\_\_
14th
Yersinia Pestis
aprox 25 million
Abiogensis
33
Typhus is caused by what bacterium?
The Rickettsiae species
34
What type of pathogen is smallpox?
a viris
35
What type of pathogen is influenza?
a Virus
36
How is Cholera spread? What bacterium is responsible?
Polluted water
Vibrio cholera
37
What type of pathogen is AIDS?
A virus
38
What is SARS?
what causes it?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom
caused by the corona virus
39
What type of pathogen is Mad Cow Disease?
an infectious protein=prions
40
Name the pathogen and its type that caused the potato blight
Phytophthora infestans
fungus
41
WHat are the seven important factors of microbes
agents of disease
decomposers and cleaners of the environment
they form symbiotic relationships
the serve as food for many
used to produce food and drink
source of antibiotics and other drugs
tools for genetic engineering and research
42
name the pathogen and its type that causes coffee rust
Fungus
Hemilea vastarix
43
Why are microbes important for the environment?
they decompose dead organisms
they clean the environment
they recycle vital elements \*most important\*
44
Name one of the two fungi genuses that are used in oil spill clean up?
Penicillium sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
45
What type of bacteria are used to clean up sewers, produce methane gas
Methanogens
46
What type of Microbe is used to help clean up nuclear waste?
algae
47
How do microbes and plants work together?
Bicteria will populate the roots of that plants to aide in nutriant absorbtion.
48
what are the bacteria that fix nitrogen?
Rhizobia
49
What is the fungi that is found in the roots of plants that is able to absorb phosphorous and other nutrients for plants?
Mycorrhizal
50
What are three microbe types that are food for marine animals?
algae, cyanobacteria, protozoa
51
What microbes do humans eat?
mushrooms and algae
52
what is the genus of yeasts used in alcoholic beverages?
Saccharomyces
53
Where does xanthan gum come from?
The harvested capsual layer of Xanthomonas campestris bacteria
54
What bacteria makes blue cheese?
Penicillin roquefortii
55
Penicillin comes from a _____ called \_\_\_\_
fungus
Penicillium
56
Streptomycin comes of a \_\_\_\_?
bacteria
57
Botox comes from a ____ called \_\_\_\_\_
Name is dirived from
Bo=
Tox=
Bacterium
Clostridium Botulinum
Botulism
Toxin
58
How are microbes used in genetic engineering?
Source of enzymes
carriers of foreign genes
59
WHat three factors make microbes excellent tools for research?
Simple structures
fast growth
cheap to produce en-mass
60
Bacteriology studies\_\_\_
bacteria
61
Mycology studies\_\_\_\_\_
fungi
62
Pycology studies\_\_\_\_\_
algae
63
parasitology studies \_\_\_\_\_
parasitic worms and arthropods
64
Protozoology studies \_\_\_\_
protists
65
Virology studies \_\_\_\_\_
viruses
66
What are the two broad categories of cells?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
67
What does Prokaryote mean?
they evolved before nucleuses
Pro-Before
Karyon-Kernal
68
What does Eukaryote mean?
has a nucleus
Eu-true
Karyon-kernal
69
What organisms are represented as prokaryotes?
Bacteria and archaea
70
What organisms are represented as Eukaryotes?
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
71
Level or organization for Prokaryotes
single celled
72
Level or organization for Eukaryotes
Mostly multicelluar with the exception of yeasts and protists
73
Average size for Prokaryotes
0.3-2.0µm
74
Average size for eukaryotes
5-50µm
75
Type of cell wall in prokaryotes
peptidoglycan
76
type of cell wall in plants
cellulose
77
type of cell wall in fungi
chitin \*also in arthropods\*
78
type of cell wall in animals
none
79
cell division in prokaryotes
binary fission
80
cell division in eukaryotes
mitosis and meiosis
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_ have zero organlles
prokaryotes
82
WHat is the nature of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
small 70s with 50s and 30s subunits
83
What is the nature of the ribsomes in eukaryotic cells?
large 80s with 60s and 40s subunits
84
Define Cell
the basic unit of life
85
according to the germ thory, all calles come from\_\_\_\_
other cells
86
What are the four universal components of cells
a cytoplasm
plasma membrane
DNA
Ribosome
87
What is the cytoplam
the semi-solid internal portion of the cell.
supports the organelles
88
what is the plasma membrane/cell membrane
the semipermiable envelope around the cytoplasm
89
What is DNA
genetic materal
90
what is the ribosome
the site of protein synthesis
91
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic chromosome
Composed of DNA or RNA and associated proteins
contains hereditary material \*genetic blueprints\*
Not inclosed in a membrane
92
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic plasmid.
a circular extrachromosomal DNA in some bacteria
Not vital but may encode genes necessary for survival
93
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic inclusion bodies?
some are storage granules containing glycogen
some are gas vesicles that work as a floatation device.
94
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic endospore.
formed by only some bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium
Layers of calcium and Dipicolinic acid.
survival structure not a reproductive structure
95
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
96
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic Pilus
2 types
Fimbriae =shorter pili ised for attachment to surfaces /hoast tissues
F pilus/conjugation pilus= longer pilus for transfer of DNA from one bacteria cell to the other.
97
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic flagellum
Hair like wavy structers used for locomation.
made of the protein falgellin it is wavy
98
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic capsule/slime layer
collectivley called glycocalyx
made up of carbohydrates and serves as a protective device and trapping of nutrients and adherence to surface
99
What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic cell wall
in all bacteria except mycoplasmas
composed of peptidoglycan and maybe lipids
serves as structural support and protection from bursting due to osmotic pressure
100
What are the three types of cell wall?
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid Fast
101
What is a gram positive cell wall
a cell wall that is made up of homogenous layer of peptidoglycan (60-90% of cell wall)
102
What are the two components of peptidoglycan
Sugar protein
103
What is a gram negative cell wall
a cell wall with a small layer of peptidoglycan (10-20%) of cell wall. with an outer-membrane made up of lipopolysaccharides \*fat and sugar\*
Also called Lipid A endotoxin
104
What is the pathogenic factor of gram negative cells?
the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane
105
What is an acid-fast cell wall?
has a peptidoglycan layer (less than 10% of cell wall) with a thick layer of lipid\*wax\* (60% of cell wall)
106
Why are acidfast bacteria slow growing?
because the the outter lipid layer is very selective and impedes the diffusion of nutrients
107
What are the three primary functions of the prokaryotic cell wall?
1 normal
2 unique
Regulation of movement of substances in and out of the cell
\*Unique\*
Site of DNA attachment during replication
Site of respiration
108
Where is the site of DNA attachment in bacteria?
the cell membrane
109
Bacteria do not have mitochondria. Where then do they produce adenosine triphosphate
In the cell membrane. This is the cite of respiration in prokaryotic cells
110
