Micro Exam 3*final* Flashcards by Bryan Zearfoss

What are Kochs postulates?

A system for proving an organism is the cause of a disease

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When are kochs postulates used?

For new diseases only because it takes too long to use for identification

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What are the two cases when kochs postulates should be used?

Proving for the first time that a path. is the cause of a new disease

Settling disputes when two paths are reposted as the cause of the same disease

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How many steps are in kochs postulates?
What are they?
AIIP

4
Association
Isolation
Inoculation
Re-isolation

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What is the association step in Knochs Postulates

The suspect must be present in all cases

A pathogen is suspected and is tested

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What occurs during the isolation step of Knochs Postulates?

The suspect pathogen is isolated on agar medium using the 3 way streak method

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What occurs during the inoculation stemp of Knoch Posts.

the suspect pathogen is innoculated into living host.

if the host shows the same symptoms as the original organisms then the next step is followed

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What is the re-isolation step in Knochs P’s

the suspect ust be re-isolated from the inoculated host and must be identical

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What are the exceptions of knoch’s rules?

Obligate parasites can not be isolated

Human diseases cant be tested on humans so results may not be accurate

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What are non-specific host defenses?

defenses that target all types of pathogens

bodies first line of defense

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What are the 7 types of non-specific defenses in humans?

ANAPIFM

Anatomical/physical barriers
Normal flora
Antimicrobial body secretions

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What are the three main Anatomical barriers?

How do they protect?

Skin-water proof layer
Mucous Mem.-traps microbes
Cilia-mechanically removes foreign materials

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How do normal human flora act as non-specific host defense?

immune system stimulation
Pre-coloization and takes up space
nutrient competition
production of toxins

lactobacillus
E. coli

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What are the 5 main anti microbial secretions of the human body?
LPLTA

Lysozyme-saliva
Peroxidase-saliva, milk
Lactoferrin-milk
Thiocyanates-saliva
Acid- skin, stomach, vagina

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What are the three main types of leukocytes involved in phagocytosis?

Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils

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What is the relationship between Macrophages and Monocytes?

When Macro’s die Mon’s can differentiate into Macros and replace them

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Which of the three Leukocytes are the rapid response team?

Neutrophils

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What are the 6 steps in Phagocytosis?

CRFFDE

Chemotaxis
Recognition
Formation of Phagosome
Formation of Phagolysosome
Destruction and Digestion
Exocytosis

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What occurs during Chemotaxis?

Phagocytes move to the site of infection via detection of chemicals produced by microbes

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What occurs during Recognition

Receptors on Phagocytes bind to invading microbes

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What is a phagosome?

When the cell wall of the phagocyte engulfs the microbe and creates a membrane-bound vacuole

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Why is the production of the phagolysosome important?

it is what allows for the digestion and destruction of the pathogen within the phagocyte

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What is inflammation?

the body’s response to tissue damage

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What are the symptoms of inflammation?

increase in temperature of tissues.
redness
swelling
pain

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How many main steps are in the inflammation process?

What occurs in the first stage of inflammation?

damaged cells release histamine | fluid rushes in

What occurs in the second stage of inflammation?

clotting begins phagocytes enter tissue head and redness begins

What occurs in the third stage of inflammation?

dead cells are removed, scab forms, | scar tissue forms

What is a fever and how does it at as a non specific host defence?

It is a systematic increase in body temp caused by pyrogens you body uses this defence to cause the denaturing of pathogenic cells

What are the benefits of fever?

increased immune response lowers plasma iron concentration increases the rate of reactions within the body makes patent ill and causing them to rest

What are the two types of non-specific molecular defenses in the body?

the complement system | and interferons

what is the complement system?

20 large proteins produced by the liver | they enhance phagocytosis, inflammation, and microbe lysis

What are interferons?

small proteins vs viruses | they bind to receptors in viral cells and interfere with replication

Why are interferons considered non-specific if they target viruses?

because they target ALL viruses

What are the three specific host defenses?

Immunity Antibodys Antigens

What is immunity

The ability of a body to recognize infection and fight it | involves antigen-antibody reactions

What is an antibody?

Proteinaceous substances produced by the host in responce to an antigen

What is an antigen?

An anti-body generator | Any foreign substance that triggers the immune system to operate

What are the two types of immunity?

Active immunity and passive immunity

What is active immunity?

Your bod's own immune system that produces antibodies vs infectious agnets acquired by being exposed to disease or vaccination

What is a passive immunity?

Short term immunity to ready made antibodies

What are the three major cells of specific immunity?

``` B Cells (from bone marrow) T cells (from thymus) Natural Killer cells ```

Collectively what are these major cells called? | Where do they travel?

lymphocytes also considered WBC | in the blood to reach lymphoid organs

Where do B cells come from and what is their function? | When are the most effective?

Bone marrow Involved in antibody mediated immunity become plasma cells(antibody factories) Before the microbes enter the cell

Where do t cells come from and What are their functions?

made in bone marrow matures in Thymus Cell mediated immunity Deals witth pathogens once they are in thr cell

What are Natural killer cells and what are their functions?

Paranodi cells Kill malignant tumor cells and cells that are covered in antibodies Humoral Immunity

What cells are the major player in Humoral immunity? | What is humoral immunity?

Anti-body mediated immunity | b cells

What are the three basic steps in humoral immunity?

1. B cells reconize antigens through receptor sites on cell membrane 2. Once reconized b cells differentate 3. B cells bind to antigens

What are the two types of cells that B cells can differentiate into?

Memory cells-long term immunity | Plasma cells-produce Y shaped antibodies

What part of the antibody is unique and what is similar among all?

The arms of the antibody are unique | the body is universal

What are the 6 ways antibodies bind to antigens? | NIAOCA

``` Neturalization Immobilization agglutination/precip. opsonization completment activation ADCC ```

How do antibodies neutralize microbes?

Toxins are coated and not allowed to interact

How do microbes immobilize microbes?

They bind to the pili and to the fligella stoping the ability to adhere

What is agglutination of microbes?

promoted clumping

what is opsonization of microbes?

Antibodies bind to microbes and make it easiser to phagosize

What is complement activation?

Triggers the compliment system

What is ADCC

Anti-bodie dependent cellular cytotoxicity | binding to the antigen tags it as foregn and the NK cells come and eat it

What is Cell mediated immunity and what are the major cells involved?

T-cells attack antigens once they have bound to host cells

How is Cell mediated immunity acheived?

T-cells reconize host cells that are affected by antigen they do this via tags on the Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) Abnormal cells show abnormal tags

What are the differences between MHC class one and class two

MHC-1 -Endogenous antigens | MHC-2 Exogenous

What are the two types of T cells?

T-helper cells | t-cytotoxic cells

What is a t-helper cell? | what does it do when it detects an abnormal cell?

``` Reconizes MHC class 2 Has a CD4 receptor site -It activates b-cells -activates macrophages -activates Tc cells ```

WHat is a t-cytotoxic cell? | what doe it do when it detects abnormal cells?

Has CD8 receptors reconized MHC 1 -produces Cytotoxins to kill cells -produces cytokines to call other immune cells

What is the role of NK cells?

``` they kill cells bound by antibodies kill cells without tags on MHC class 1 ```

What is the difference between congenital and acquired immunodeficency?

One is genetic and the other is due to infection or malnutrition

What are the 4 ways microbes avoid host defenses?

1 they hide in host cells 2. avoid being killed 3. avoid being eaten 4. survive within phagocytes