Privation

Question 1

What is privation?

Answer 1

failure to form an attachment to any individual

Question 2

what is 2 reasons why someone may be privatized?

Answer 2

a series of different carers

family discord prevents the development of attachment to any figure

Question 3

how can you identify that a child is privatized?

Answer 3

do not show any distress when separated from an attachment figure

Question 4

what did Hodges and Tizzard do?

Answer 4

followed 65 British children from early life to adult. The children had been placed in one institution when they were less than 4 months old.

Question 5

what was Hodges and Tizzard’s aim?

Answer 5

to see if early privation has an effect on later life

Question 6

What did Hodges and Tizzard find?

Answer 6

the children were assessed at regular intervals up to the age of 16. Some were still in the institutions, most had left and had either been adopted or restored to their original families. The “restored” were less likely to have formed an attachment with their mothers. The adopted were as closely attached to their parents as a control group of “normal” children. Both groups had problems with peers.

Question 7

what do the findings of Hodges and Tizzard suggest?

Answer 7

that early privation had a negative effect on the ability to form relationships even when given good subsequent emotional care.

Question 8

what does Hodges and Tizzard’s experiment support?

*think Bowlby

Answer 8

that failure to form an attachment in the critical period has an irreversible effect on emotional development.

Question 9

what did Rutter et al. do?

Answer 9

studied a group of 100 Romanian orphans and assessed them at 4, 6 and 11 yrs old.

Question 10

what did Rutter et al. find?

Answer 10

those adopted before the ages of 6 months showed normal development. However those adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachments and had problems with peers.

Question 11

what did Rutter et al. conclude?

Answer 11

long term consequences may be less severe if children had the opportunity to form attachments

Question 12

Harlow’s monkeys experiment was to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond to their mothers, what did he do?

Answer 12

8 monkeys were separated from their mothers after birth and places in cages with 2 surrogate mothers. One made of wire and one covered in cloth.

Question 13

What did Harlow;s monkey experiment find?

Answer 13

all spent more time with the cloth other and only go to the wire monkey when hungry. The cloth mother was used a secure base for a frightening object or to explore.

Question 14

which theory of attachment does Harlow’s monkey support?

Answer 14

evolutionary theory

Question 15

what was Quinton’s experiments aim?

Answer 15

whether women who were reared in institutions found difficulties acting as parents

Question 16

what did Quinton do?

Answer 16

50 women who had been reared in institutions were watched to see if when they were older, they were good or poor parents.

Question 17

What did Quinton find?

Answer 17

the ex-institutional women were experiencing difficulties acting as parents.

Question 18

there are 1 type of attachment disorder, what is it?

Answer 18

RAD-reactive attachment disorder

Question 19

there are 2 types of RAD, what are they?

Answer 19

inhibited or disinhibited.

Question 20

what is 2 symptoms of inhibited RAD?

Answer 20

lack of long term friends, lack of ability to give and receive affection

Question 21

what is 2 symptoms of disinhibited RAD?

Answer 21

over-friendly and attention seeking.

Question 22

when does RAD occur?

Answer 22

when attachment between a young child and a primary caregiver does not occur or is interrupted due to grossly negligent care.

Question 23

what is institutional care?

Answer 23

a place dedicated to looking after people who are waiting for adoption or who are mentally ill.

Question 24

does Hodges and Tizard’s study say that privation can be reversed given the right circumstances?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

EVALUATION-Hodges and Tizard

What is attrition and explain how it is a weakness to this study?

Answer 25

people drop out of studies as the study takes place over a long period of time. These individuals are of a certain types which means the remaining participants are more likely to be of a certain type so the results are bias.

Question 26

EVALUATION-Hodges and Tizard

the participants may have more than one more influential difference rather than the independent variable. Explain

Answer 26

Those waiting for adoption may, by chance, be the more attractive, more socially able group so the children’s temperament becomes the confounding variable. So cannot say causal relationship.

Question 27

does Rutter’s study show privation is reversible?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

does Quinton’s study show privation is reversible?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

EVALUATION-Quinton

what else could effect the results of this study?

Answer 29

the lack of role models in their lives

Question 30

Quinton did another study on institutionalised women who had positive school experiences and positive social circumstances, what did he find this time?

Answer 30

functioned as well as the control group when they became mothers.

Question 31

Quinton’s second study, does this say privation is reversible?

Answer 31

yes as long as the child’s care has improved during childhood.

Question 32

EVALUATION- case studies

what is the main problem with case studies?

Answer 32

the data cannot be generalised as it is only a small number of individuals who are being reported on.