Prisons & Transportation Flashcards
What was Foucault’s view of prisons?
Stressed that the shift to imprisonment was a shift from punishing the body to punishing the mind.
What were the new attitudes towards prisons in Britain in the 1770s based on?
- Becarrias ideas of crime and punishment.
- Ideas about hard labor, solitary confinement, religion, and reform
- John Howards perception of the poor conditions in most prisons
What did the 1776 American Revolution mark the end of?
Transportation
Where were prisoners housed in Britain, and what did this allow for?
In Hulks, which allowed for hard labor for male offenders (Act 1776)
What was the aim of the 1779 penitentiary act which failed and instead expanded old prisoners?
To build new prisons
When were new prisons built?
The 1790s
What were the key changes when new prisons were built in the 1790s?
- Separation of prisoners according to sex and offence type
- Additional hard labor
- Separate cells of offenders and extreme solitary confinement
Where was transportation used as an alternative to capital punishment?
In England and France
What did the 1718 transportation act do?
Sentenced prisoners to transportation to American prisons
When did transportation stop due to the American Revolution?
1776
When did the transportation to Australia commence?
`1787
What were the complaints made about transportation in the 1830s?
Failed to deter or reform criminals and the use of inhumane conditions
What happened in the 1840s?
The number of people transported declined
What did the penal servitude act of 1857 do?
Abolished transportation and penal servitude was established
In France what was the consequence of people being transported to Guyane in 1797?
People died of yellow fever
What was Spierenbrug’s view of prisons
The prison made penal reformers look ‘bad’ because of economic gain
What Was Emsley’s view of penal reformers?
Penal reformer are committed to penal reform for humanitarian purposes
When were Houses of Correction’s established?
16th century.
What was the purpose of Houses of Corrections?
- Labour and training
- Reform vagrants & thieves through hard labour and industrious habits.
What happened in Houses of Corrections in England?
- Incarceration was short
- hard labour
- Most were whipped
What happened in the 17th century in relation to Houses of Corrections?
Judges used them to imprison criminals.
True or false: Prison conditions that grew out of houses of corrections were usually in a bad state.
True
What occurred as a result of the French 1791 new law codes?
- Imprisonment was the main punishment
- New prisons for certain types of crimes (never went ahead because of lack of money)
What was involved in the French 1810 penal regime?
- Work
- Differentiation (Separation of those awaiting trial, short & long term prisoners. Men, Women and children no longer incarcerated together)
- Rehabilitation
What were French reformers inspired by in the U.S?
Their prisons, particularly ones in Auburn, because of the total separation and night and silence during the day.
What did French prisons experiment with?
Solitary confinement
What was the purpose of the French commune in 1971?
To investigate prisons
Where was transportation used in 1848?
Algeria
What did Charles Lucas say about transportation in the 1870s?
That it was irrational and immoral
Where was transportation used in 1852?
French Guina
