Principles Overview

Question 1

Which part of the immune system, adaptive or innate, targets specific cells?

Answer 1

Adaptive

Question 2

What are defensins secreted by?

Answer 2

epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

Question 3

What is lysozome?

Answer 3

Anti-bacterial enzyme

Digests bacterial cell walls

Question 4

What does the complement protein system play a critical role in?

Answer 4

inflammation and defense against some bacterial types
Complement also activated in autoimmunity
tissue damage

Question 5

What is the difference between variolation and vaccination?

Answer 5

Variolation administers the same organism as the one that casues the disease, vaccination does not

Question 6

What is Severe combined immune deficiency?

Answer 6

rare disorder, results in failure or lymphocyte development, stem cell/bone marrow transplant essential

Question 7

What can immune suppression be used for?

Answer 7

autoimmune disease, allergic disease, transplantation

Question 8

Which can evolve faster, the pathogen or the host?

Answer 8

pathogen (millions times faster)

Question 9

Where are monocytes/macrophages from?

Answer 9

spleen

Question 10

Where are neutrophils from?

Answer 10

lymph nodes

Question 11

Where are mast cells?

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

What is the skin pH?

Answer 12

low - 5.5

Question 13

Is there high or low oxygen tension in the skin?

Answer 13

low

Question 14

What glands in the skin secrete hydrophobic oils, lysozyme, ammonia and antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 14

sebaceous

Question 15

What are defensins an example of?

Answer 15

antimicrobial peptides

Question 16

What immunoglobulin is secreted in mucous?

Answer 16

IgA

Question 17

What does lactoferrin in the mucous do?

Answer 17

starves the invading bacteria of iron

Question 18

What does commensal bacteria produce?

Answer 18

fatty acids and bactericidins that inhibit growth of many pathogens

Question 19

Which vitamins are synthesised by commensal bacteria?

Answer 19

K and B12

Question 20

Does commensal bacteria increase or decrease pH of large bowel?

Answer 20

decrease

Question 21

Which immune system, innate or adaptive, responds only to a limited number of microbial molecules?

Answer 21

innate

Question 22

Which immune system, innate or adaptive, has memory?

Answer 22

adaptive

Question 23

After how many hours does the adaptive immune system tend to start working?

Answer 23

96

Question 24

Name the 5 major types of leukocytes.

Answer 24

neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

Question 25

Name the 2 main soluble factors (proteins).

Answer 25

antibodies, cytokines, acute phase proteins, complement proteins

Question 26

What are secondary lymphoid tissues the sites of?

Answer 26

adaptive immune system activation

Question 27

Which leukocytes are involved in the adaptive response?

Answer 27

B and T lymphocytes

Question 28

Which proteins are involved in the adaptive response?

Answer 28

antibodies and cytokines

Question 29

What act as antigen presenting cells which are essential for T lymphocyte activation?

Answer 29

dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 30

What do T lymphocytes produce to help phagocytes kill ingested bacteria?

Answer 30

cytokines

Question 31

What do B lymphocytes produce?

Answer 31

antibodies