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Immunology > Principles - Innate Immune System 1) Leukocytes > Flashcards

Principles - Innate Immune System 1) Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the innate immune system.

A
  • identification of microorganisms
  • rapid destruction and clearance
  • stimulation of adaptive system
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2
Q

What is the main target of neutrophils?

A

bacteria and fungi

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3
Q

What are the main functions of eosinophils?

A

target large parasites and modulate allergic responses

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4
Q

What do basophils and mast cells do?

A

release histamine for inflammatory responses

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5
Q

Which out of basophils and mast cells leaves the bone marrow already mature and which circulates in an immature form (only maturing once in a tissue site)?

A

basophils leave bone marrow already mature

mast cells circulate immature

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6
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

release antibodies

assist in T cell activation

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7
Q

What are NK cells?

A

virus infected and tumour cells

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8
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

phagocytosis

stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells

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9
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

act as antigen-presenting cells, activating T lymphocytes

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10
Q

Which lymphocytes are linked to asthma and allergy?

A

eosinophils

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11
Q

What are the first line of defence against bacteria/fungi?

A

phagocytes

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12
Q

Where do neutrophils and monocytes carry out phagocytosis?

A

circulation

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13
Q

Where do macrophages and dendritic cells carry out phagocytosis?

A

tissues

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14
Q

What are polymorphonuclear cells?

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

What is the leukocyte largest in number?

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

Do neutrophils circulate freely in the blood?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What are the first line of defence at sites of damage or infection?

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

What are circulating monocytes precursors of?

A

tissue macrophages

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19
Q

Where are monocytes and macrophages produced?

A

bone marrow

20
Q

Do dendritic cells phagocytose as immature or mature cells?

A

immature

21
Q

When do dendritic cells start to mature?

A

as they respond to inflammatory indicators

22
Q

What happens to dendritic cells as they start to mature?

A

lose phagocytotic activity, migrate to lymph nodes, present antigen to T lymphocytes

23
Q

What do phagocytes produce?

A

cytokines

24
Q

Are macrophages destroyed during phagocytosis?

A

No

25
Q

What are used to recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns?

A

pathogen recognition receptors

26
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns - expressed by microorganisms, but not by human cells

27
Q

What is the PAMP in bacterial loppolysaccharides?

A

binds to toll-like receptor 4, which is a Pathogen recognition receptor expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells

28
Q

What do opsonins do?

A

act as a bridge between the pathogen and the phagocyte receptors, facilitating uptake of microorganisms

29
Q

What are the main opsonins?

A

Fc fragment of IgG
C3b
Collectins

30
Q

What is C3b?

A

fragment of C3 generated by compliment activation

31
Q

What are collectins?

A

plasma proteins that bind to microbial cells walls

32
Q

What are microorganisms coated with to facilitate phagocytosis?

A

proteins e.g. acute phase proteins, antibodies and complement proteins

33
Q

What type of protein is C reactive protein?

A

acute phase protein

34
Q

What are the two types of killing in phagocytosis?

A

oxidative and non oxidative

35
Q

What is oxidative killing especially important for?

A

neutrophils

36
Q

What crucial enzyme is involved in oxidative killing?

A

NADPH oxidase complex

37
Q

What does NADPH oxidase complex do?

A

converts oxygen into reactive oxygen species - hydrogen peroxide, superoxide 02 and hypochlorite H0Cl, which are lethal to microorganisms

38
Q

What does non oxidative killing involve?

A

Can kill bacteria inside cell and in local environment

Bacteridical enzymes released e.g. defensins, lysozomes, collagenase and lactoferrin

39
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A

collect iron as lots of bacteria depend on iron for their metabolism

40
Q

Where are the bactericidal enzymes made?

A

in lysosomes and neutrophil secondary granules

41
Q

What does phagocytosis do to neutrophils?

A

glycogen reserves are depleted, neutrophils die, formation of pus occurs

42
Q

What do primary granules of neutrophils do?

A

kill ingested microbes, digest their remains. Granules fuse with phagoctyic vesicles containing enzymes

43
Q

What are ensymes like myeloperoxidase very good at generating?

A

free radicals

44
Q

What is movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus called?

A

chemotaxis

45
Q

What happens in patients with phagocyte deficiencies?

A

reccurent deep bacterial and fungal infections, often poorly responsive to antibiotics

Immunology (10 decks)

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