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Immunology > Principles - Innate Immune System 1) Proteins > Flashcards

Principles - Innate Immune System 1) Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What produces acute phase proteins?

A

liver

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2
Q

What do acute phase proteins do?

A 
mediate inflammatory response
Activate macrophages
Influence chemotaxis
Act as opsonins
Role in tissue repair and remodelling
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3
Q

What is C reactive protein?

A

acute phase protein which acts as opsonin for phagocytes and facilitates binding of complement proteins
Levels rise dramatically in response to infection

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4
Q

What is a normal level or CRP?

A

<5mg/l

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5
Q

What are cytokines?

A

diverse collection of solubule proteins and peptides which modulate behaviour of cells at low concentrations

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6
Q

What are the names of the cytokine families?

A

interferons, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, chemokines (and others)

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7
Q

What are interferons important in?

A

limitation of viral infections

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8
Q

What are interleukins?

A

produced by T cells, these direct cells to divide or differentiate

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9
Q

What is interleukin 2 important for?

A

T cell differentiation and activation

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10
Q

What are colony stimulation factors for?

A

directing the division or differention of bone marrow stem cells e.g act on myeloid cells

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11
Q

What are chemokines for?

A

direct movement of cells in the body

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12
Q

When is TNFa formed?

A

during the acute phase response, important in inflammation

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13
Q

What can TNFa activate?

A

endothelial cells

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14
Q

How many proteins does the complement system consist of?

A

about 30

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15
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

liver

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16
Q

When does precursor A become an active enzyme?

A

when cleaved

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17
Q

Is the complement system involved in innate or acquire immune system?

A

both

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18
Q

What is lupus?

A

an immunopathological disease which is the result of problems with the complement system function

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19
Q

What does C3 deficiency result in?

A

repeated deep seated bacterial infections

20
Q

What is C5 cleaved to?

A

C5a and C5b

21
Q

How many pathways are there of complement activation?

A

3

22
Q

Which complement proteins are involved in chemotaxis?

A

C5a and C3a

23
Q

Which complement proteins are involved in opsonisation and cell activation?

A

C3b

24
Q

What are the names of the 3 pathways in complement activation?

A

Classical, Lectin and Alternative

25
Q

What activates the classical pathways?

A

antibodies

26
Q

What happens in activation of the classical pathway?

A

antibodies (IgG or IgM) bind to C1, leading to a conformational change in c1

27
Q

What is the order in which the proteins are activated in the classical pathway?

A

c1, c4, c2, c3

28
Q

What is the classical pathway particularly important for?

A

clearing bacterial infection

protection against autoimmunity

29
Q

What happens in the Lectin Pathway?

A

Lectin binds specifically to carbohydrates, whihc bind to Mannose-Binding Lectin

30
Q

What does the Lectin Pathway bypass the need for?

A

antibodies

31
Q

What do all 3 pathways lead to being activated?

A

c3

32
Q

What occurs in the Alternative Pathway?

A

There is a spontaneous hydrolysis of c3 and binding of c3 to bacterial cell wall components, resulting in c3 being cleaved into active fragments

33
Q

What is the alternative pathway dependant on?

A

activator surfaces (NOT the adaptive immune response)

34
Q

What are examples of bacterial cell wall components c3 is bound to in the alternative pathway?

A

lipopolysaccharide of gram negative bacteria

teichoic acid of gram positive bacteria

35
Q

What is the alternative pathway vital for?

A

protection against meningococcus and other encapsulated bacteria

36
Q

What is the major amplification step in the complement cascade?

A

activation of c3

37
Q

What does the activation of c3 trigger?

A

formation of final common pathway, complements c5-9 assemble to form the membrane attack complex

38
Q

What does the membrane attack complex lead to?

A

osmotic cell lysis

39
Q

What happens to C3a?

A

released into interstitium, is involved in increasing vascular permeability and mediating inflammation

40
Q

What does C3b do?

A

Is an opsonin - coats bacteria and leads to phagocytosis
Promotes specific antibody formation by plasma cells
Dissolve the antibodies that trigger the cascade

41
Q

How can the complement system be regulated by biochemical properies of complement components?

A

Only cleaved proteins are active

and these have a very short half life

42
Q

How can the complement system be regulated by complement inhibitors?

A 
Soluble inhibitors (C1 inhibitor, Factor 1, Factor H and c4 binding protein)
Inhibitors bound to cell membranes (CD59 and DAF)
43
Q

What does CD59 do?

A

prevents insertion of membrane attack complex

44
Q

What does DAF do?

A

competes for C4 fragments

45
Q

Who are complement deficiences most common in?

A

Asian and Middle Eastern populations

46
Q

What are complement deficiences most commonly?

A

alternative pathway and final common pathway deficiencies

Immunology (10 decks)

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